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nd surface from now up to 2032 18 moreover construction uses around half of natural resources that humans consume production and transport of building materials consumes 25 50 percent of all energy used depending on the country considered 19 taking uk as an example the construction industry counts for 47 of co 2 emissions of which manufacturing of construction products and materials accounts for the largest amount within the process of construction 8 benefits edit by implementing sustainable construction benefits such as lower cost environmental protection sustainability promotion and expansion of the market may be achieved during the construction phase as mentioned in constructionexecutive construction waste accounts for 34 7 of all waste in europe implementing sustainability in construction would cut down on wasted materials substantially 20 potential lower cost edit sustainable construction might result in higher investment at the construction stage of projects the competition between contractors due to the promotion of sustainability in the industry would encourage the application of sustainable construction technologies ultimately decreasing the construction cost meanwhile the encouraged cooperation of designer and engineer would bring better design into the construction phase 21 using more sustainable resources reduces cost of construction as there will be less water and energy being used for construction and with less resources being used in the projects it would lead to lower disposal costs as there is less waste being made 22 environment protection edit by adopting sustainable construction contractors would make the construction plan or sustainable site plan to minimize the environmental impact of the project according to a study took place in sri lanka 23 considerations of sustainability may influence the contractor to choose more sustainable locally sourced products and materials and to minimize the amount of waste and water pollution another example is from a case study in singapore 24 the construction team implemented rainwater recycling and waste water treatment systems that help achieve a lower environmental impact 21 additionally a 2023 study in china found that adopting cross laminated timber clt in building design can significantly reduce embodied carbon emissions across the construction process compared to traditional concrete based structures 25 promoting sustainability edit contractors delivering projects in a sustainable way in collaboration with owners treating sustainability as a key performance indicator for the clients from day one sends a clear message to the industry sustainability is important to us and this especially within the government and public sectors can significantly drive change in the way projects are undertaken as well as up skilling the industry to meet this growing demand 26 expand market edit see also market expansion there is be potential to expand the market of sustainable concepts or products according to a report published by usgbc the global green building market grew in 2013 to 260 billion including an estimated 20 percent of all new u s commercial real estate construction 23 sustainable construction strategies edit globally construction industries are attempting to implement sustainable construction principles below are some examples of successful implementations of sustainable construction promotion on a national level also included are new technologies that could improve the application of sustainable construction recent work identifies four main barriers to lowering embodied carbon organizational financial policy regulatory and methodological data and recommends strategies such as setting explicit reduction targets adopting regulation and integrating digital assessment tools 27 strategic policy and guide edit creation of a national strategy to improve the development the government of singapore announced a sustainable singapore blueprint in april 2009 launching a long term strategy of sustainable construction development 24 another example is strategy for sustainable construction in the uk 28 investing money on research and education s 50 million research fund for the built environment was launched in 2007 by singapore government to kick start r d efforts in sustainable development 24 guidance for sustainable application government department cooperating with academic institutes to make an industrial guide for workers for example the field guide for sustainable construction published in 2004 29 the circular economy has been identified as a possible way to help construction become sustainable ce is a concept that is designed on keeping materials and resources in a closed loop many countries have pledged to create policies around implementing this concept including the eu usa australia and many in south america 30 changing mindset in the way of development edit the government in singapore has developed a sustainable construction master plan with the hope to transform the industrial development path from only focusing on the traditional concerns of cost time and quality to construction products and materials to reduce natural resource consumption and minimize waste on site with the expediting concern of the climate crisis it is essential to keep in mind the importance of reducing energy consumption and toxic waste whilst moving forward with sustainable architectural plans 31 24 new technologies edit the development of efficiency codes has prompted the development of new construction technologies and methods many pioneered by academic departments of construction management that seek to improve efficiency and performance while reducing construction waste new techniques of building construction are being researched made possible by advances in 3d printing technology in a form of additive building construction similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours with built in plumbing and electrical facilities in one continuous build using large 3d printers working versions of 3d printing building technology are already printing 2 metres 6 ft 7 in of building material per hour as of january 2013 update with the next generation printers capable of 3 5 metres 11 ft per hour sufficient to complete a building in a week 32 dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars s performative architecture 3d printed building was scheduled to be built in 2014 33 a 2025 systematic literature review and framework development study found that integrating net zero principles across construction material supply chains via life cycle assessment digital tools bim and stakeholder coordination is critical for reducing embodied carbon and aligning with global climate targets 34 over the years the construction industry has seen a trend in it adoption something it always found hard to compete with when paired against other fields such as the manufacturing or healthcare industries nowadays construction is starting to see the full potential of technological advancements moving on to paperless construction using the power of automation and adopting bim the internet of things cloud storage and co working and mobile apps implementation of surveying drones and more 35 36 in the current trend of sustainable construction the recent movements of new urbanism and new classical architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction that appreciates and develops smart growth architectural tradition and classical design 37 this is in contrast to modernist and short lived globally uniform architecture as well as opposing solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl 38 both trends started in the 1980s timber is being introduced as a feasible material for skyscrapers nicknamed plyscrapers thanks to new developments incorporating engineered timber whose collective name is mass timber and includes cross laminated timber 39 industrial hemp is becoming increasingly recognised as an eco friendly building material it can be used in a range of ways including as an alternative to concrete known as hempcrete flooring and insulation king charles is reported to have used hemp to insulate an eco home in december 2022 the united nations conference on trade and development unctad emphasised hemp s versatility and sustainability and advocated its use as a building material in a report entitled commodities at a glance special issue on industrial hemp 40 the sustainability of the construction industry is also closely related to building materials currently we are paying more and more attention to environmental protection and sustainable development people are increasingly focusing on low carbon and environmental protection if bamboo can be used as our material building materials can also be carbon friendly and environmentally friendly bamboo is not only strong and environmentally friendly but also has a very strong reproductive capacity choosing the right material is also very important for the construction industry sustainable construction in developing countries edit specific parameters are needed for sustainable construction projects in developing countries scholar chrisna du plessis of the council for scientific and industrial research csir defines the following key issues as specific to work in developing countries 15 new non western frameworks for development understanding the connection between urbanization and rural development sustainable housing solutions education innovative materials innovative methods of construction merging modern and traditional practices promoting equity in gender roles development of new financing systems improving the capacity of the government and the construction industry in a later work du plessis furthers the definition for sustainable construction to touch on the importance of sustainability in social and economic contexts as well 41 this is especially relevant in construction projects in the global south where local value systems and social interactions may differ from the western context in which sustainable construction frameworks were developed 41 debates surrounding sustainable construction in developing countries edit first the need for sustainable development measures in developing countries is considered most scholars have reached a consensus on the concept of the double burden placed on developing countries as a result of the interactions between development and the environment developing countries are uniquely vulnerable to problems of both development resource strain pollution waste management etc and under development lack of housing inadequate water and sanitation systems hazardous work environments that directly influence their relationship with the surrounding environment 42 additionally scholars have defined two classes of environmental problems faced by developing countries brown agendas consider issues that cause more immediate environmental health consequences on localized populations whereas green agendas consider issues that address long term wide scope threats to the environment 42 43 typically green agenda solutions are promoted by environmentalists from developed western countries leading them to be commonly criticized as being elitist and ignorant to the needs of the poor especially since positive results are often delayed due to their long term scope 43 scholars have argued that sometimes these efforts can even end up hurting impoverished communities for example conservation initiatives often lead to restrictions on resource use despite the fact that many rural communities rely on these resources as a source of income forcing households to either find new livelihoods or find different areas for harvesting 44 general consensus is that the best approaches to sustainable construction in developing countries is through a merging of brown and green agenda ideals 42 43 stakeholders edit foreign investors and organizations edit since all of the definitions and frameworks for the major concepts outlined previously are developed by large international organizations and commissions their research and writings directly influence the organization procedures and scale of rural development projects in the global south attempts at community development by foreign organizations like the ones discussed have questionable records of success for instance billions of dollars of aid have flowed into africa over the past 60 years to address infrastructure shortcomings yet this aid has created numerous social and economic problems without making any progress toward infrastructure development 45 one compelling explanation for why infrastructure projects as a result of foreign aid have failed in the past is that they are often eurocentric in modelling and applied off successful strategies used in western countries without adapting to local needs environmental circumstances and cultural value systems 46 ngos non profits edit often ngos and development nonprofits are criticized for taking over responsibilities that are traditionally carried out by the state causing governments to become ineffective in handling these responsibilities over time within africa ngos carry out the majority of sustainable building and construction through donor funded low income housing projects 45 future development edit currently sustainable construction has become mainstream in the construction industry the increasing drive to adopt a better way of construction stricter industrial standards and the improvement of technologies have lowered the cost of applying the concept according to business case for green building report 21 the current cost of sustainable construction may be 0 4 lower than the normal cost of construction citation needed see also edit alternative natural materials natural materials that are not as commonly used as building materials autonomous building building designed to be independent from public infrastructure biophilic design nature inspired design development fund of the swedish construction industry ecological design design approach sensitive to environmental impacts energy efficient landscaping environmental engineering engineering discipline related to environmental science environmental surveying profession of impact assessment green building environmentally responsible construction principles hempcrete biocomposite material used for construction and insulation natural building sustainable construction practice sustainable architecture architecture designed to minimize environmental impact references edit 1 2 sustainable development and the future of construction a comparison of visions from various countries international council for building research studies and documentation p 29 isbn 978 90 6363 011 9 solaimani sam sedighi mohamad march 2020 toward a holistic view on lean sustainable construction a literature review journal of...