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gests that fisheries are able to recover or stabilize their populations when responsible management and regulations are in place 2 unfortunately most seafood is obtained through irresponsible fishing practices that continue to modify some marine ecosystem 2 this has resulted in record levels of depleted stocks 2 for example 85 percent of the world s fisheries are fished at or beyond their maximum sustainable limit 2 considering the rising global population and the pressure that it has and will continue to exert on the earth s resources a more sustainable method of fishing is necessary if humans wish to utilize its natural abundance sustainable seafood movement edit the sustainable seafood movement is an initiative born through the realization that the marine ecosystems of the world were being overexploited and destroyed 3 it began in the 1990s and was driven by social marketing through ecolabel and awareness campaigns 4 through social marketing the collaboration between environmental non governmental organizations ngos and industry allowed for the consumer to make informed choices potentially contributing to the conservation of marine biodiversity 3 ecolabeling edit ecolabeling programs evaluate the production process with environmental standards set by an independent third party should the process fulfill the specific requirements the producer or marketer may purchase a license to use an ecolabel in its marketing this label allows the consumer to know that the product was produced sustainably 4 labeling is not only an effective regulatory tool in encouraging consumers to make environmentally friendly choices 5 but it also provides a financial benefit to producers in 1996 the marine stewardship council msc implemented the first certification program 3 since then they have not only made a distinct effort to maintain the health of ecosystems but they have also contributed to more financial success for producers for instance once the american albacore fishing association had its tuna certified to the msc standard they were able to obtain premium prices for their product 6 for the small fishing community in bonita california certification allowed them to sell direct as opposed to depending on the instability on the dock 6 they were able to make a profit of 2 260 rather than 1 700 per ton 6 more companies and organizations are choosing to use environmentally sustainable production such as ecolabeling to gain a greater market share and higher profits 3 awareness campaigns edit awareness campaigns focus on educating the public and encouraging them to purchase products that consider the vitality of marine species 4 they do so through boycotts of certain species and products as well as through seafood guides seafood guides highlight which species are acceptable to consume and which are not based on their environmental impact 4 guides are typically divided into three categories some using the analogy of a traffic light s colours red yellow and green 4 these rankings are based on how the fish responds to fishing pressure abundance gear impact bycatch and management red represents items to avoid yellow is a good alternative and green is the best choice 4 several organizations including the monterey bay aquarium have developed their own guides or wallet cards to be distributed to the public 3 in september 2016 a partnership of google oceana and skytruth introduced global fishing watch a website designed to help the public in monitoring fishing activities 7 8 9 sustainable seafood in africa edit in 2004 the south african sustainable seafood initiative sassi was established as an initiative of the world wide fund for nature wwf the main goal was to inform the supply chain about sustainable seafood 10 in 2018 the four year project fish for good started to guide fisheries in south africa towards more sustainable fishing practices 11 in western cape fishing subsidies have historically favored large scale commercial fishers over small scale fishers the government has to look at how to help small scale and commercial fisheries to avoid overfishing and illegal activities at sea 12 methods edit spearfishing spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that involves using a spear to catch fish underwater unlike some modern fishing techniques that can be harmful to marine ecosystems spearfishing can be practiced in a sustainable manner when done responsibly the tagbanua people use spearfishing along with seasonal fishing to ensure their fisheries are sustainable 13 turtle exclusion devices edit sustainable fishing methods are focused on minimizing environmental effects as a result gear can be modified such as turtle exclusion devices in catfish surveys in missouri usa turtle bycatch has been shown to be a large issue with modifications to the devices used to capture catfish there was an 84 decrease in turtle bycatch with no decrease in catfish capture rates 14 seasonal fishing practices edit seasonal fishing can play a crucial role in promoting the sustainability of fisheries by allowing fish populations to reproduce and replenish by implementing seasonal fishing restrictions fisheries management can ensure that fishing activities are carried out when fish are most abundant and actively spawning thus reducing the risk of overfishing additionally seasonal fishing can help protect vulnerable life stages of fish and avoid harming spawning habitats seasonal fishing practices can contribute to the long term health of fisheries and support ecosystem resilience 15 marine protected areas mpas edit marine protected areas mpas are areas where fishing is prohibited and offer a chance to enhance biodiversity conservation over the past 20 years the world has increased the global mpa area from about 5 million square kilometers to about 28 million square kilometers out of all sustainable fishing practices mpas have the most potential for positive ecological effects showing significant increases in fish biomass 16 seafood guide edit the seafood guide below made by seachoice highlights which species are best to eat and which should be avoided based on their management abundance and whether they have been caught or farmed in environmentally sustainable ways 17 it allows consumers to be informed of their choices and vote with their wallets fish best choice some concerns avoid arctic char farmed barramundi farmed closed system us australis net pens vietnam farmed closed system australia farmed open system most basa pangasius vietnam cambodia catfish farmed us chilean seabass chile heard and mcdonald islands falkland islands macquarie island south georgia kerguelen islands ross sea crozet islands prince edward and marion islands clams mussels farmed all wild arctic surf canada cod pacific longline alaska pacific bottom trawl us bc atlantic canada pacific russia japan crab dungeness bc washington stone florida us atlantic king us snow us canada jonah us canada atlantic blue us king russia flounder sole pacific atlantic haddock handline us atlantic bottom longline canada bottom trawl us canada iceland halibut alaska bc atlantic lingcod canada us lobster spiny us baja mexico american canada us spiny bahamas spiny brazil mackerel king us spanish us atlantic canada atlantic mid water trawl us mahi mahi troll pole us atlantic longline and other us longline imported oysters farmed wild canada us pollock atlantic pacific alaska rockfish pacific snapper black rockfish ca or wa us hook and line jig pacific bottom trawl pacific sablefish alaska canada us west coast salmon wild alaska coho land farmed us wild bc washington oregon atlantic open net pen farmed all regions sardines pacific canada us atlantic mediterranean scallops farmed off bottom farmed dredge wild us canada atlantic shark skate dogfish spiny canada pacific all shrimp prawns pink oregon spot bc farmed closed system us northern canada atlantic trap all other canada us all other farmed squid longfin us all other swordfish harpoon canada hawaii longline us international longline canada tilapia farmed us farmed south america farmed asia trout rainbow farmed us land based farmed canada farmed open net canada tuna albacore canada us pacific longline hawaii longline international tuna bigeye ahi pole troll us atlantic pole troll international longline us atlantic longline international hawaii tuna bluefin all tuna canned albacore chunk white canada us pacific albacore chunk white pole troll international chunk light white all exc pole troll tuna skipjack pole troll atlantic longline us atlantic hawaii purse seine longline international tuna yellowfin ahi pole troll us pole troll international longline us atlantic hawaii purse seine longline international fishing methods edit chilean purse seine there are a wide variety each has its own environment impact that varies in intensity the table below highlights a fishing method along with its environmental repercussions 18 method equipment used type of fish environmental impact pole troll fishing rod pole and bait open ocean swimmers to bottom dwellers low environmental impact reduced chance of bycatch purse seining a large net is used to surround fish the bottom of the net is pulled close to push the fish to the middle schooling fish higher chance of bycatch gillnetting uses a system of nets with floats and weights the nets are anchored to the sea floor and allowed to float at the surface sardines salmon cod animals cannot see the net therefore they swim into it and are tangled huge risk of bycatch longline fishing fishing line cast out from the boat can range from one mile to 50 miles pelagic fish higher risk of bycatch fishermen use weights to sink their lines which reduce the risk of bycatch traps and pots wire or wooden cages attached to the sea floor fishing weirs lobsters crab shrimp the traps keep the fish alive lower chance of bycatch trolling line towed behind the boat salmon mahi mahi tuna release bycatch harpooning harpoon large pelagic fish fisherman have to visualize prey no chance of bycatch trawls and dredges use huge nets that can either drag on the bottom of the sea floor or in midwater pollock cod flounder shrimp large amounts of bycatch can damage the sea floor national oceanic and atmospheric administration noaa edit the national oceanic and atmospheric administration noaa is a national government agency that has authority over conservation marine fisheries and management 19 the noaa has created fishwatch to help guide concerned consumers to sustainable seafood choices 19 the fisheries in the united states are overseen by the ten national standards of the magnuson stevens fishery conservation and management act 19 therefore these standards are intended to protect fish populations and prevent overfishing along with the magnuson stevens act u s fisheries are also regulated under the endangered species act and marine mammal protection act 20 the noaa fisheries has started using aquaculture to produce sustainable seafood aquaculture is fish or shellfish farming 21 the aquaculture fisheries hatch and raise the fish until market size 21 by using aquaculture the wild fish will be able to repopulate without the threat of overfishing the aquaculture fish have a variety of uses including food nutritional and pharmaceutical 21 two types of aquacultures exist marine aquaculture farms the fish species that live in the ocean and freshwater aquaculture farms species that live in freshwater 21 noaa is focusing on an alternative seafood source to help repopulate and save the ocean s ecosystems sustainable seafood organisations edit aquaculture stewardship council edit the aquaculture stewardship council asc is an independent non profit organization and labelling organization that establishes protocol on farmed seafood while ensuring sustainable aquaculture the asc provides producers with a certification of environmental sustainability and social responsibility the aquaculture stewardship council was founded in 2009 by the world wide fund for nature wwf and the dutch sustainable trade initiative idh 22 23 marine stewardship council msc edit the marine stewardship council is a global non profit organization looking to conserve the oceans their mission is to use a combination of certified fisheries and ecolabeling to make people aware of how important it is to preserve our oceans 24 the msc works with fisheries scientists seafood companies conservation groups and the public to encourage environmentally friendly seafood choices the two main ways the msc regulates sustainable seafood are by setting standards for certified fisheries and ecolabeling the certified fisheries are judged on the three standards the msc provides the msc however does not certify the fisheries they are certified by a third party system to remove any bias 25 the standards were created to decrease overfishing and maintain healthy ecosystems the three standards are maintaining sustainable fish stocks the fishery may not overexploit any of its resources 25 environmental impact each fishery is judged on the amount of environmental impact they contribute to the ocean the fishery may not use any form of fishing that destroys the structure productivity function or diversity of the ecosystem 25 effective management not only does the fishery have to follow the two other msc standards but they also have to follow all local national and international laws 25 the msc ecolabel once a fishery has been reviewed and certified their certification lasts for five years in that five years the fishery will be inspected and held to the environmental standards of the msc after the five years have passed the fishery will have to go through the approval process again 25 the second way the msc regulates seafood to the public is by using their ecolabel the ecolabel on seafood products guarantees the seafood has come from a sustainable source and certified fishery 26 the ecolabel can be found around the world before a seafood product can carry the msc eco label the fishery must acquire the msc fisheries certification additionally all companies in the supply chain that take ownership of the product including distributors wholesalers manufacturers pack houses traders retailers catering organizations and restaurants must acquire the msc chain of custody certification criticism of the marine stewardship council edit critics condemn the marine stewardship council for certifying specific fisheries that may be in trouble harmful to the environment or where there is a lack of information available 27 for example the antarctic toothfish fishery in the ross sea was awarded an msc label despite a lack of basic information on the stock itself 28 a marine policy study that analyzed the stocks of msc fisheries found that 31 of the stocks were overfished and 11 did not have suitable information available 29 richard page a greenpeace oceans campaigner stated i will go as far as to say consumers are being duped they think they are buyin...