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synaeresis wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 etymology 2 english 3 french 4 greek toggle greek subsection 4 1 ancient greek 4 1 1 verbs 4 1 2 nouns 4 2 modern greek 5 see also 6 notes and references toggle notes and references subsection 6 1 notes 6 2 references toggle the table of contents synaeresis 18 languages العربية беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская brezhoneg català deutsch esperanto español français galego magyar ido italiano nederlands polski português română русский edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia phonological process of sound change this article is about synaeresis in linguistics for syneresis in chemistry see syneresis chemistry this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources synaeresis news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2009 learn how and when to remove this message sound change and alternation metathesis quantitative metathesis lenition consonant gradation consonant voicing and devoicing assibilation spirantization l vocalization debuccalization fortition epenthesis prothesis paragoge unpacking vowel breaking elision apheresis syncope apocope haplology cluster reduction transphonologization compensatory lengthening nasalization tonogenesis floating tone assimilation fusion coarticulation palatalization velarization labialization final devoicing metaphony vowel harmony umlaut consonant harmony dissimilation sandhi liaison linking r consonant mutation tone sandhi vowel hiatus synalepha elision crasis synaeresis and diaeresis synizesis other types apophony affrication gemination clipping fronting raising betacism iotacism fusion merger compensatory lengthening monophthongization rhotacism rhinoglottophilia sulcalization shm reduplication consonant mutation vowel shift chain shift v t e this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters in linguistics synaeresis s ɪ ˈ n ɛr ə s ɪ s also spelled syneresis is a phonological process of sound change in which two adjacent vowels within a word are combined into a single syllable 1 the opposite process in which two adjacent vowels are pronounced separately is known as diaeresis for any given word speakers generally hold a traditional view about the standard pronunciation of that word when realized in a careful reading style each particular word is associated with this single standard phonetic form 2 however each word also possesses multiple non standard or reduced phonetic forms which are produced in a greater range of contexts 3 these multiple variations in the pronunciation of a single word are referred to as allophonic variants to classify one of these other forms as an allophonic variant of a word means that pronouncing the word in this way will not change the intended meaning of the word 4 synaeresis is one of various phonological processes in which segments of words or phrases are lost the general term for a loss of sound segments in the field of linguistics is known as elision 5 other types of elision include the processes of apheresis syncope apocope synizesis and synaloepha 6 etymology edit synaeresis comes from greek συναίρεσις synaíresis a contraction a taking or drawing together 7 from συναιρέω synairéō i contract i grasp or seize together 8 derived from σύν with 9 and αἱρέω i grasp seize 10 semantically it is easy to understand how this term evolved historically the term eventually became applied to a process in which vowels are taken or drawn together english edit synaeresis often occurs with reduced vowels in english as in asia ˈ eɪ z i ə ˈ eɪ ʒ ə and sebastian s ɪ ˈ b æ s t i ə n s ɪ ˈ b æ s tʃ ə n french edit synaeresis is a common process in french for example the french word louer which means to praise is typically pronounced as lwe according to transcriptions using the international phonetic alphabet 11 that pronunciation reduces the u vowel to a w or a glide sound when pronounced in conjunction with the e vowel sound in this example the standard pronunciation uses the process of synaeresis to compress both of the original vowel sounds into one syllable however when speakers are asked to produce this word in a more controlled situation in a careful reading style french speakers often produce extended forms or different allophonic variants for the word 12 these forms of the word include lue according to ipa transcriptions in which the two vowels are pronounced separately using the process of diaeresis 13 greek edit ancient greek edit in ancient greek synaeresis n 1 is the merging and pronunciation of two separate vowels as a diphthong e g α ι αι ai ̮ or a long vowel e g ο ο ου ο a characteristic example of this is the conjugation class or classes of contracted verbs ancient greek συνῃρημένα or περισπώμενα ῥήματα diaeresis on the other hand is the separation of a diphthong into two vowels αϊ a i certain words in proto indo european had two vowels separated by the consonant s or y esu good in greek this consonant changed to h ehu and was lost between vowels eu in homer the two vowels were sometimes pronounced separately diaeresis ἐΰ and sometimes together synaeresis εὖ later in attic greek they were always pronounced together in greek synaeresis two vowels merge to form a long version of one of the two vowels e g e a ā a diphthong with a different main vowel e g a ei āi or a new vowel intermediate between the originals e g a o ō contraction of e o or o e leads to ou and e e to ei which are in this case spurious diphthongs in general the accent after contraction copies the accent before contraction often this means circumflex accent but for nouns the accent follows the nominative singular sometimes this means a different accent from the uncontracted form i e whenever the ending has a long vowel contraction in greek occurs throughout the present and imperfect of contracted verbs and in the future of other verbs there are three categories based on the vowel of contraction a e or o verbs edit a contract honor τιμ άω τιμ ῶ τιμ άει ς τιμ ᾷ ς τιμ άει τιμᾷ τιμ άο μεν τιμ ῶ μεν τιμ άε τε τιμ ᾶ τε τιμ άου σι τιμ ῶ σι e contract love φιλ έω φιλ ῶ φιλ έει ς φιλ εῖ ς φιλ έει φιλ εῖ φιλ έο μεν φιλ οῦ μεν φιλ έε τε φιλ εῖ τε φιλ έου σι φιλ οῦ σι o contract think right ἀξι όω ἀξι ῶ ἀξι όει ς αξι οῖ ς ἀξι όει ἀξι οῖ ἀξι όο μεν ἀξι οῦ μεν ἀξι όε τε ἀξι οῦ τε ἀξι όου σι ἀξι οῦ σι nouns edit contraction also occurs in nouns including the contracted second declension bone singular ὀστ έο ν ὀστ οῦ ν ὀστ έου ὀστ οῦ ὀστ έῳ ὀστ ῷ plural ὀστ έα ὀστ ᾶ ὀστ έω ν ὀστ ῶ ν ὀστ έοι ς ὀστ οῖ ς s stem nouns undergo contraction with vowel endings es stem os stem γένος no contraction γένεος γένους γένεϊ γένει γένεα γένη γενέων γενῶν γένεσσι no contraction αἰδώς no contraction αἰδόος αἰδοῦς αἰδόϊ αἰδοῖ αἰδόα αἰδῶ some compound nouns show contraction λειτ ο ε ργίᾱ λειτ ου ργίᾱ liturgy modern greek edit in modern greek where original diphthongs are pronounced as monophthongs synaeresis is the pronunciation of two vowel sounds as a monophthong and diaeresis is the pronunciation of the two vowels as a diphthong αϊ ai ̮ citation needed see also edit diaeresis metaplasm synalepha crasis elision contraction synizesis smoothing phonetics notes and references edit notes edit note on terminology in ancient books in greek vowel contraction in general including synaeresis and crasis is often called crasis or is analysed into various classes using related terms 14 references edit trask r l 2000 the dictionary of historical and comparative linguistics edinburgh edinburgh up p 333 isbn 9781579582180 laporte eric a formal tool for modelling standard phonetic variations pdf isca archive esca workshop on phonetics and phonology of speaking styles retrieved 19 april 2013 laporte eric a formal tool for modelling standard phonetic variations pdf isca archive esca workshop on phonetics and phonology of speaking styles retrieved 19 april 2013 laporte eric a formal tool for modelling standard phonetic variations pdf isca archive esca workshop on phonetics and phonology of speaking styles retrieved 19 april 2013 trask r l 2000 the dictionary of historical and comparative linguistics edinburgh edinburgh up p 102 isbn 9781579582180 trask r l 2000 the dictionary of historical and comparative linguistics edinburgh edinburgh up p 102 isbn 9781579582180 συναίρεσις liddell henry george scott robert a greek english lexicon at the perseus project συναιρέω in liddell and scott σύν in liddell and scott αἱρέω in liddell and scott laporte eric a formal tool for modelling standard phonetic variations pdf isca archive esca workshop on phonetics and phonology of speaking styles retrieved 19 april 2013 laporte eric a formal tool for modelling standard phonetic variations pdf isca archive esca workshop on phonetics and phonology of speaking styles retrieved 19 april 2013 laporte eric a formal tool for modelling standard phonetic variations pdf isca archive esca workshop on phonetics and phonology of speaking styles retrieved 19 april 2013 crasis oxford english dictionary online ed oxford university press subscription or participating institution membership required retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title synaeresis oldid 1359439700 categories figures of speech phonetics poetic devices poetic rhythm hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles needing additional references from december 2009 all articles needing additional references pages with plain ipa articles containing ancient greek to 1453 language text all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from july 2014 this page was last edited on 15 june 2026 at 08 48 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety 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