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ons read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from ti extended basic programming language for ti 99 home computers this article is about ti 99 4a programming language for the calculator language see ti basic ti basic paradigm imperative first appeared 1979 47 years ago 1979 typing discipline static strong platform ti 99 4 ti 99 4a license proprietary ti basic is an ansi compliant interpreter for the basic programming language built into the 1979 texas instruments ti 99 4 home computer and its improved 1981 version the ti 99 4a in contrast to most basics found on contemporary microcomputers ti basic does not trace its history to microsoft basic but was instead developed in house following the emerging minimal basic standard being created by ansi and ecma this was in turn based on the original dartmouth basic from the 1960s there are a number of differences sometimes subtle between ti basic and the more common ms varieties minimal basic lacks a number of features that are commonly found on contemporary basics and texas instruments later introduced the ti extended basic cartridge that enhanced the functionality accessible to basic users this included a wide variety of features found in other basics as well as new system functions for sprite handling sound and other features of the platform as was common on home computers ti basic was used not only for programming but also as a thin operating system on top of minimal basic ti added commands for text graphics and basic file operations like recording to tape or any other file system due to the specifics of the ti 99 platform ti basic was most notable for its extremely slow performance roughly half that of common machines but conversely sported high numerical accuracy performance edit the ti 99 was based on the tms9900 microprocessor a 16 bit design that was originally built to provide a single chip central processing unit cpu in low end models of their ti 990 minicomputer lineup the tms9900 was also suitable for use in a microcomputer but at that time the rest of the support chips required to build a complete computer were invariably 8 bit and this included ti s wide catalog of such chips in a minicomputer 16 bit support systems were built up of many individual chips but this was not suitable for a low cost product ti thus adopted the solution of making the machine mostly 8 bit and connecting the various support chips to this 8 bit bus with the tms9900 reading the bus twice to produce a 16 bit value 1 the tms9900 s instruction set architecture was based on 16 bit opcodes meaning that programs would generally be twice as large as they would be on an 8 bit machine in the era of expensive memory this presented a significant cost to address this ti created an 8 bit virtual machine with its own language or intermediate representation known as the graphic programming language or gpl that allowed programs to be written in a more compact format the downside to this approach is that every gpl instruction had to be converted on the fly into one or more underlying tms9900 instructions 2 the gpl code itself was stored on the 8 bit side of the machine further slowing its performance 3 for all of these reasons the machine ran far slower than it was theoretically capable of this was particularly noticeable in basic every instruction in the user s program had to be read from 8 bit memory interpreted using code written in gpl and then output back over the 8 bit bus again as a result ti basic had poor performance on common benchmarks of the era the ti 99 generally ran half as fast as 8 bit machines like the commodore pet or apple ii 4 for instance running the byte sieve in basic took 3960 seconds in ti basic while the same test in applesoft basic on the apple ii ostensibly a much slower machine took 2806 seconds about 30 faster that the ti 5 elements of ti basic edit editing and running edit unlike most basics of the era ti basic did not provide a full screen editor instead a line editor was provided which allowed the user to add or edit one line at a time explicit line numbers were used to order each statement it used a prompt to indicate the current new line in immediate mode as opposed to the more common ready 6 line numbers ranged from 1 to 32767 inclusive and entering a line outside that range resulted in the bad line number error 7 line entry was aided by the number command available only in immediate mode which entered ascending line numbers 8 and resequence which renumbered an existing program 9 ti basic also included a number of debugging commands break worked something like stop stopping execution on certain lines unlike stop the exit to immediate mode did not occur on the line where break appeared but on the lines break referred to for instance break 130 would cause the program to exit to immediate mode whenever it moved to line 130 this could be used for example by inserting a single break at the top of the program to control execution rather than having to insert a stop in the middle of the code unbreak turned off existing breakpoints 10 additionally trace printed out the line number of the currently executing line in angle brackets 100 110 etc and untrace turned it off 11 statements edit the ansi compatible statements of ti basic are data def dim end for to step next gosub goto if then else input let next on gosub on goto option base print randomize read rem restore return stop most of these operate in the same fashion as their ms counterparts with two additions randomize restarts the random number generator at a given seed value and option base sets the first entry in arrays to either 0 or 1 whereas ms is always zero based to this standard set it added call close display and open 12 in keeping with the minimal basic standard 13 if statements could only perform branches they could not perform arbitrary statements as was common in almost every other basic of the era for instance code such as 100 if x 5 then print it is large is not valid in ti basic instead this would have to be performed using multiple lines 100 if x 5 then 300 200 print it is large this can easily lead to off by one errors if the conversion is not careful about changing the sense of the boolean comparison ti basic did however support the else clause 14 100 if x 5 then 200 else 300 the print statement used colons to separate items on different lines in addition to the more common comma or semicolon this precluded its use as a statement separator a concept that ti basic did not have 15 this means a line can have only a single statement due to the way basic interpreters work goto based loops can be sped up significantly by combining code onto a single line which reduces the number of lines in the program and the corresponding amount of time needed to find a particular line number this seemingly minor missing feature may result in much slower code and adding this feature was part of ti extended basic extensions to the minimal basic system were often not represented directly in basic but were instead accessed via the call command and a series of named gpl based subroutines for instance call clear clears the screen and call key returns the keycode of the currently pressed key on the keyboard the language lacked peek and poke so there was no official way 16 to create new callable code within basic to do this one would require the ti editor assembler the ti mini memory cartridge which included a small assembler 17 or by using extended basic functions edit unlike microsoft basics which used left mid right and instr for manipulating strings ti basic used the ansi compliant seg and pos abs absolute value asc ascii numeric value of the first character of a string atn arctangent chr convert a number into a string with an ascii character cos cosine eof test whether the end of a file has been reached exp exponentiation int greatest integer less than or equal to the parameter len length of a string log natural logarithm pos first occurrence of a string in another string rnd pseudorandom number generator seg return a substring of a string sgn sign function sin sine sqr square root str convert a number to a string tan tangent val convert a string to a number subprograms edit subprograms are called with call statement e g call clear char definition of graphical characters clear clears the screen color defines foreground and background color for 8 characters gchar reads one character at a specified position from the screen hchar writes a character to a screen position and repeats it horizontally joyst returns the position of the joystick key reads from the keyboard without echo on the screen screen changes the color of the screen sound creates sounds using a frequency and noise vchar writes a character to a screen position and repeats it vertically extended basic edit ti extended basic cartridge ti basic was located in the system s internal roms in 1981 ti released a plug in rom cartridge that added additional functions to the existing code improving the language in a number of ways 18 known as extended basic it was a highly anticipated addition to the platform 19 among the changes was the addition of the ability to have multiple statements on a line using multiple statements may improve performance loops that are implemented in a single line run much faster additionally statements could now span several lines as the underlying dialect already used the colon for string separators extended basic used the double colon for this purpose confusingly as a statement with two colons was also possible in ti basic for instance print a b which would output a a blank line and then b so these statements required a space to be added in extended basic print a b 18 another overdue addition was that if statements could now perform arbitrary statements rather than only a goto in extended basic one could write a simple statement like if x 10 then x x 1 this also worked in the else clause allowing statements like if a 4 and b 6 then r 10 else print oops 18 other additions include a small selection of new statements including accept image linput on break on error on warning sub subend and subexit the last three statements are used for structured programming allowing the creation of named subroutines extended basic also included a number of new functions and especially callable routines among the latter was a library of sprite commands including ones that created motion that continued automatically 18 speech synthesis edit when equipped with the ti speech synthesizer ti extended basic users could also generate speech from a predefined vocabulary as easily as writing text on screen for example the following line of text would cause the speech synthesizer to identify the computer 18 call say hello i am a texas instruments t i ninety nine four a home computer multi word phrases are delimited with the symbol as texas instruments in this example using a word not included in the speech synthesizer s built in vocabulary of 338 words and phrases would cause it to slowly spell out the word ti s terminal emulator ii cartridge provided text to speech functionality 18 references edit citations edit the ti 99 4a internal architecture 16 august 2000 nouspikel thierry gpl graphic programming language retrieved 2 august 2020 i grew up and learned basic on a ti 99 4a it was a wonderful and simple time hacker news retrieved 2 august 2020 knight daniel 10 january 2016 how fast were those late 1970s home computers low end mac gilbreath jim gilbreath gary january 1983 eratosthenes revisited once more through the sieve byte pp 283 325 guide1981 p ii 5 guide1981 p ii 8 guide1981 p ii 26 guide1981 p ii 27 guide1981 p ii 33 guide1981 p ii 36 guide1981 p i minimal basic pdf technical report ecma january 1978 guide1981 p ii 51 guide1981 p ii 65 exploit by james abbatiello mini memory 1 2 3 4 5 6 shaw 1983 kaplan gary june 1981 extended basic review ti 99er bibliography edit shaw stephen 1983 extended basic getting started with the texas instruments ti99 4a phoenix publishing isbn 978 0 946576 04 3 user s reference guide pdf texas instruments 1981 external links edit beginner s basic at classiccmp org ti 99 4a basic reference card at classiccmp org v t e dialects of the basic programming language list classic microsoft microsoft basic trs 80 basics level i level ii iii thomson basic 1 0 texas instruments ti basic calculators ti extended basic aka xbasic ti basic 83 hewlett packard hp time shared basic rocky mountain basic hp basic locomotive software locomotive basic mallard basic microcomputers atom basic integer basic north star basic scelbal minicomputers basic 11 business basic b32 data general data general extended basic southampton basic system wang basic time sharing computers basic plus vsi basic for openvms super basic call 360 basic other alphabasic astro basic basicode bal casio basic cbasic pbasic sds basic tiny basic ubasic zbasic extenders basic 8 simons basic super expander super expander 64 ys megabasic procedure oriented proprietary amigabasic amos basic asic basicx beta basic futurebasic grass liberty basic lse mapbasic mobile basic owbasic powerbasic purebasic smilebasic tiger basic true basic turbo basic wordbasic free and open source basic 256 basic4gl bbc basic v darkbasic indic basic open programming language sdlbasic smallbasic qb64 wxbasic xbasic xblite yabasic with object extensions proprietary autoit chipmunk basic glbasic lotusscript morfik powerbasic vba vbscript vb 5 for microsoft excel 5 0 vsto vsta embedded visual basic free and open source blitzmax freebasic microsoft small basic mono basic openoffice basic visual basic net roslyn rad designers proprietary ca realizer visual basic classic ns basic rapidq visual basic net mercury xojo free and open source b4x basic4android basic4ppc gambas winfbe visual fb editor defunct altair basic applesoft basic apple business basic atari basic atari microsoft basic atari st basic basic a basic xe basic xl basic programming atari 2600 bbc basic benton harbor basic chinese basic commodore basic color basic dartmouth basic disk extended color basic extended color basic family basic gfa basic gw basic ibm basic jr basic macbasic mbasic msx basic ms basic for macintosh qbasic quickbasic s basic sinclair basic stos basic superbasic ti basic ti 99 4a turbo basic xl vilnius basic retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ti_basic_ ti_99 4a oldid 1331104601 extended_basic categories ti 99 4a basic interpreters discontinued basics basic programming language family computer related introductions in 1979 hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata this page was last 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