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the free encyclopedia memory aid device this article includes a list of general references but lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations september 2010 learn how and when to remove this message medieval english split tally stick front and reverse view the stick is notched and inscribed to record a debt owed to the rural dean of preston candover hampshire of a tithe of 20 d each on 32 sheep amounting to a total sum of 2 13s 4d a tally stick or simply a tally 1 was an ancient memory aid used to record and document numbers quantities and messages tally sticks first appear as animal bones carved with notches during the upper palaeolithic a notable example is the ishango bone historical reference is made by pliny the elder ad 23 79 about the best wood to use for tallies and by marco polo 1254 1324 who mentions the use of the tally in china tallies have been used for numerous purposes such as messaging and scheduling and especially in financial and legal transactions to the point of being currency kinds of tallies edit single and split tallies from the swiss alps 18th to early 20th century swiss alpine museum there are two principal forms of tally sticks the single tally and the split tally a comparable example of this primitive counting device can be found in various types of prayer beads possible palaeolithic tally sticks edit a number of anthropological artefacts have been conjectured to be tally sticks the lebombo bone dated between 44 200 and 43 000 years old is a baboon s fibula with 29 distinct notches discovered within the border cave in the lebombo mountains of eswatini the so called wolf bone cs is a prehistoric artefact discovered in 1937 in czechoslovakia during excavations at dolní věstonice moravia led by karl absolon dated to the aurignacian approximately 30 000 years ago the bone is marked with 55 marks which some believe to be tally marks the head of an ivory venus figurine was excavated close to the bone 2 3 the ishango bone is a bone tool dated to the upper palaeolithic era around 18 000 to 20 000 bc it is a dark brown length of bone it has a series of possible tally marks carved in three columns running the length of the tool it was found in 1950 in ishango east belgian congo 4 single tally edit the single tally stick was an elongated piece of bone ivory wood or stone which is marked with a system of notches see tally marks the single tally stick serves predominantly mnemonic purposes related to the single tally concept are messenger sticks used by e g inuit tribes the knotted cords khipus or quipus as used by the inca greek historian herodotus c 484 c 425 bc reported the use of a knotted cord by darius i of persia r 522 486 bc split tally edit the split tally became a prevalent technique in medieval europe a time characterised by a scarcity of coinage to document bilateral exchanges and debts typically fashioned from squared hazelwood the stick was inscribed with a series of notches before being split lengthwise each party in the transaction retained one half of the marked stick both pieces bearing identical records over the years this method was refined to the point of becoming virtually impervious to tampering one such refinement was to make the two halves of the stick of different lengths the longer part was called stock and was given to the stock holder 5 which had advanced money or other items to the receiver the shorter portion of the stick was called foil and was given to the party which had received the funds or goods using this technique each of the parties had an identifiable record of the transaction the natural irregularities in the surfaces of the tallies where they were split would mean that only the original two halves would fit back together perfectly and so would verify that they were matching halves of the same transaction if one party tried to unilaterally change the value of his half of the tally stick by adding more notches the absence of those notches would be apparent on the other party s tally stick the split tally was accepted as legal proof in medieval courts and the napoleonic code 1804 still makes reference to the tally stick in article 1333 6 along the danube and in switzerland the tally was still used in the 20th century in rural economies the most prominent and best recorded use of the split tally stick or nick stick 7 8 being used as a form of currency 9 was when henry i introduced the tally stick system in medieval england in around 1100 the tally sticks recorded a payment of taxes but soon began to circulate in a secondary discount market being accepted as payment for goods and services at a discount since they could be later presented to the treasury as proof of taxes paid then tally sticks began to be issued in advance in order to finance war and other royal spending and circulated as wooden money 10 11 the system of tally marks of the exchequer is described in the dialogue concerning the exchequer as follows the manner of cutting is as follows at the top of the tally a cut is made the thickness of the palm of the hand to represent a thousand pounds then a hundred pounds by a cut the breadth of a thumb twenty pounds the breadth of the little finger a single pound the width of a swollen barleycorn a shilling rather narrower then a penny is marked by a single cut without removing any wood the cuts were made the full width of the stick so that after splitting the portion kept by the issuer the stock exactly matched the piece the foil given as a receipt each stick had to have the details of the transaction written on it in ink to make it a valid record 12 entrance gates to the uk national archives kew from ruskin avenue the notched vertical elements were inspired by medieval tally sticks royal tallies debt of the crown also played a role in the formation of the bank of england at the end of the 17th century in 1697 the bank issued 1 million worth of stock in exchange for 800 000 worth of tallies at par and 200 000 in bank notes this new stock was said to be engrafted the government promised not only to pay the bank interest on the tallies subscribed but to redeem them over a period of years the engrafted stock was then cancelled simultaneously with the redemption 13 the split tally of the exchequer remained in continuous use in england until 1826 when the conditions required for activation of the receipt of the exchequer act 1783 23 geo 3 c 82 the death of the last exchequer chamberlain came about 14 in 1834 following the passing of 4 will 4 c 15 tally sticks representing six centuries worth of financial records were ordered to be burned in two furnaces in the houses of parliament 15 the resulting fire set the chimney ablaze and then spread until most of the building was destroyed 9 this event was described by charles dickens in an 1855 article on administrative reform 16 tally sticks feature in the design of the entrance gates to the national archives at kew see also edit bamboo and wooden slips bamboo tally chirograph a similar system for creating two or more matching copies of a legal document on parchment fu tally measuring rod prehistoric numerals notes edit harper douglas tally online etymology dictionary flegg graham 2002 numbers their history and meaning courier dover publications pp 41 42 isbn 978 0 486 42165 0 beckmann petr 1971 a history of π pi boulder colorado the golem press p 8 isbn 978 0 911762 12 9 a very brief history of pure mathematics the ishango bone university of western australia school of mathematics archived from the original on 21 july 2008 bunt lnh jones ps bedient jd 1976 historical roots of early mathematics page 225 prentice hall code civil article 1333 1804 retrieved 13 january 2013 les tailles corrélatives à leurs échantillons font foi entre les personnes qui sont dans l usage de constater ainsi les fournitures qu elles font ou reçoivent en détail nick stick oxford english dictionary 3 ed 2003 shenton caroline 2012 chapter 1 thursday 16 october 1834 6am mr hume s motion for a new house the day parliament burned down oxford oxford university press isbn 9780199646708 1 2 50 things that made the modern economy bbc radio bbc retrieved 30 march 2018 how swapping gold for wood left england s citizens short changed what tally sticks tell us about how money works clanchy michael 1979 from memory to written record 3rd ed oxford england blackwell p 125 isbn 9780631168577 carswell john 1993 the south sea bubble revised ed england alan sutton publishing p 24 isbn 978 0 86299 918 6 robert rudoph 1956 a short history of tallies pdf in littleton a c yamey b s eds studies in the history of accounting london sweet maxwell pp 75 85 shenton caroline 16 october 2013 the day parliament burned down uk parliament archived from the original on 26 august 2017 retrieved 12 may 2019 dickens charles 1870 june 27 1855 administrative reform speeches literary and social by charles dickens theatre royal drury lane pp 133 134 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link references edit maddox thomas ed 1711 the history and antiquities of the exchequer of the kings of england in two periods to wit from the norman conquest to the end of the reign of k john and from the end of the reign of k john to the end of the reign of k edward ii taken from records london baxter t w 1989 early accounting the tally and the checkerboard the accounting historians journal 16 2 43 83 doi 10 2308 0148 4184 16 2 43 jenkinson sir hilary 1924 medieval tallies public and private archaeologia 74 280 351 8 plates carswell john 1993 the south sea bubble revised ed england alan sutton publishing ltd p 24 isbn 978 0 86299 918 6 further reading edit hall hubert 1891 the antiquities and curiosities of the exchequer london elliot stocks henkelman wouter f m l folmer margaretha 2016 your tally is full on wooden credit records in and after the achaemenid empire in kleber k pirngruber r eds silver money and credit festschrift for robartus j van der spek on occasion of his 65th birthday on 18 september 2014 publications de l institut historique archéologique néerlandais de stamboul vol 128 leiden pp 129 226 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link jenkinson sir hilary 1914 an original exchequer account of 1304 with private tallies attached proceedings of the society of antiquaries of london 2nd ser 26 36 40 jenkinson sir hilary 1911 exchequer tallies archaeologia 62 2 367 80 doi 10 1017 s0261340900008213 jenkinson sir hilary a note supplementary proceedings of the society of antiquaries of london 2nd ser 25 29 39 external links edit wikisource has the text of the 1911 encyclopædia britannica article tally photo of medieval exchequer tallies inca khipus khipus as ledgers the dialogue concerning the exchequer v t e prehistoric technology prehistory timeline outline stone age subdivisions new stone age technology history glossary tools farming neolithic revolution founder crops new world crops ard plough celt digging stick domestication goad irrigation secondary products sickle terracing food processing paleolithic diet fire basket cooking earth oven granaries grinding slab ground stone hearth aşıklı höyük qesem cave manos metate mortar and pestle pottery quern stone storage pits hunting arrow boomerang throwing stick bow and arrow history nets spear spear thrower baton harpoon schöningen woomera projectile points arrowhead transverse bare island cascade clovis cresswell cumberland eden folsom lamoka manis mastodon plano systems game drive system buffalo jump toolmaking earliest toolmaking oldowan acheulean mousterian aurignacian clovis culture cupstone fire hardening gravettian culture hafting hand axe grooves langdale axe industry levallois technique lithic core lithic reduction analysis debitage flake lithic technology magdalenian culture metallurgy microblade technology mining prepared core technique solutrean industry striking platform tool stone uniface yubetsu technique other tools adze awl bone axe bannerstone blade prismatic bone tool bow drill burin canoe oar pesse canoe chopper tool cleaver denticulate tool fire plough fire saw hammerstone knife microlith quern stone racloir rope scraper side stone tool tally stick weapons wheel illustration architecture ceremonial kiva pyramid standing stones megalith row stonehenge dwellings neolithic architecture long house british megalith architecture nordic megalith architecture burdei cave cliff dwelling dugout hut quiggly hole jacal longhouse mudbrick mehrgarh pit house pueblitos pueblo rock shelter blombos cave abri de la madeleine sibudu cave roundhouse stilt house alp pile dwellings stone roof wattle and daub water management check dam cistern flush toilet reservoir well other architecture archaeological features broch burnt mound fulacht fiadh causewayed enclosure tor enclosure circular enclosure goseck cursus henge thornborough megalithic architectural elements midden oldest extant buildings timber circle timber trackway sweet track arts and culture material goods baskets beadwork beds chalcolithic clothing textiles timeline cosmetics glue hides shoes ötzi jewelry amber use mirrors pottery cardium cord marked grooved ware jōmon linear unstan ware sewing needle weaving wine winery wine press prehistoric art art of the upper paleolithic art of the middle paleolithic blombos cave list of stone age art bird stone cairn carved stone balls cave paintings cup and ring mark geoglyph hill figure golden hats guardian stones gwion gwion rock paintings painting pigment megalithic art petroform petroglyph petrosomatoglyph pictogram rock art rock cupule stone carving sculpture statue menhir stone circle list british isles and brittany venus figurine prehistoric music evolutionary musicology music archaeology alligator drum paleolithic flute divje babe flute gudi prehistoric religion evolutionary origin of religion paleolithic religion spiritual drug use burial burial mounds bowl barrow round barrow mound builders culture u s sites chamber tomb cotswold severn cist dartmoor kistvaens clava cairn court cairn cremation dolmen great dolmen funeral pyre gallery grave transepted wedge shaped grave goods jar burial kuyavian long barrows long barrow unchambered grønsalen megalithic tomb mummy passage grave rectangular dolmen ring cairn simple dolmen stone box grave tor cairn unchambered long cairn other cultural archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar behavioral modernity origin of language prehistoric counting prehistoric medicine trepanning prehistoric warfare symbols symbolism retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title tally_stick oldid 1343889796 categories mnemonics mathematical tools money currency bone carvings hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles lacking in text citations from september 2010 all articles lacking in text citations use dmy dates from december 2015 use british english from dec...