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lso been effort to differentiate voiced and voiceless consonants through subscripted numbers two three and four which stand for the unvoiced aspirated voiced voiced aspirated respectively this was used to transcribe sanskrit words in sanskrit tamil books as shown in the table below 16 17 க ka க kha க ga க gha ச ca ச cha ஜ ja ஜ jha ட ṭa ட ṭha ட ḍa ட ḍha த ta த tha த da த dha ப pa ப pha ப ba ப bha the unicode standard uses superscripted digits for the same purpose as in ப² pha ப³ ba and ப bha 18 vowels edit vowels are also called the life uyir or soul letters together with the consonants mei which are called body letters they form compound syllabic abugida letters that are called living or embodied letters uyir mei i e letters that have both body and soul tamil language has 12 vowels which are divided into short and long five of each type and two diphthongs tamil vowels 14 independent vowel sign iso 15919 ipa அ n a a ɐ ஆ ா ā aː இ ி i i ஈ ீ ī iː உ ு u u ஊ ூ ū uː எ ெ e e ஏ ே ē eː ஐ ை ai ɐi̯ ஒ ொ o o ஓ ோ ō oː ஔ ௌ au ɐu̯ compound form edit using the consonant k as an example formation compound form iso 15919 ipa க் அ க ka kɐ க் ஆ கா kā kaː க் இ கி ki ki க் ஈ கீ kī kiː க் உ கு ku ku க் ஊ கூ kū kuː க் எ கெ ke ke க் ஏ கே kē keː க் ஐ கை kai kɐi̯ க் ஒ கொ ko ko க் ஓ கோ kō koː க் ஔ கௌ kau kɐu̯ the special letter ஃ represented by three dots is called āyta eḻuttu or aḵ it originally represented an archaic tamil retention of the dravidian sound ḥ which has been lost in almost all modern dravidian languages and in tamil traditionally serves a purely grammatical function but in modern times it has come to be used as a diacritic to represent foreign sounds for example ஃப is used for the english sound f not found in tamil it also served before palm leaves became the primary writing medium for words ending with an inherent consonsant vowel u as a pronouncing rule for a short u called tamil குற்றியலுகரம் romanized kuṟṟiyal ukaram lit short u sound following consonants rendered this behaviour கு சு டு து பு று instead of writing like in modern days without any markers for example tamil அது romanized atu it was written with a preceding ஃ like tamil அஃது romanized aḥtu another symbol ஂ represented by a small hollow circle and called aṉuvara is the anusvara now obsolete in tamil it was traditionally used as a homorganic nasal when in front of a consonant and either as a bilabial nasal m or alveolar nasal n at the end of a word depending on the context the long nedil vowels are about twice as long as the short kuṟil vowels the diphthongs are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels though some grammatical texts place them with the long nedil vowels as can be seen in the compound form the vowel sign can be added to the right left or both sides of the consonants it can also form a ligature these rules are evolving and older use has more ligatures than modern use what you actually see on this page depends on your font selection for example code2000 will show more ligatures than latha there are proponents of script reform who want to eliminate all ligatures and let all vowel signs appear on the right side unicode encodes the character in logical order always the consonant first whereas legacy 8 bit encodings such as tscii prefer the written order this makes it necessary to reorder when converting from one encoding to another it is not sufficient simply to map one set of code points to the other compound table of tamil letters edit the following table lists vowel uyir or life letters across the top and consonant mei or body letters along the side the combination of which gives all tamil compound uyirmei letters tolkāppiyam consonants vowels a ா ā ி i ீ ī ு u ூ ū ெ e ே ē ை ai ொ o ோ ō ௌ au independent அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ க் k க கா கி கீ கு கூ கெ கே கை கொ கோ கௌ ங் ṅ ங ஙா ஙி ஙீ ஙு ஙூ ஙெ ஙே ஙை ஙொ ஙோ ஙௌ ச் c ச சா சி சீ சு சூ செ சே சை சொ சோ சௌ ஞ் ñ ஞ ஞா ஞி ஞீ ஞு ஞூ ஞெ ஞே ஞை ஞொ ஞோ ஞௌ ட் ṭ ட டா டி டீ டு டூ டெ டே டை டொ டோ டௌ ண் ṇ ண ணா ணி ணீ ணு ணூ ணெ ணே ணை ணொ ணோ ணௌ த் t த தா தி தீ து தூ தெ தே தை தொ தோ தௌ ந் n ந நா நி நீ நு நூ நெ நே நை நொ நோ நௌ ப் p ப பா பி பீ பு பூ பெ பே பை பொ போ பௌ ம் m ம மா மி மீ மு மூ மெ மே மை மொ மோ மௌ ய் y ய யா யி யீ யு யூ யெ யே யை யொ யோ யௌ ர் r ர ரா ரி ரீ ரு ரூ ரெ ரே ரை ரொ ரோ ரௌ ல் l ல லா லி லீ லு லூ லெ லே லை லொ லோ லௌ வ் v வ வா வி வீ வு வூ வெ வே வை வொ வோ வௌ ழ் ḻ ழ ழா ழி ழீ ழு ழூ ழெ ழே ழை ழொ ழோ ழௌ ள் ḷ ள ளா ளி ளீ ளு ளூ ளெ ளே ளை ளொ ளோ ளௌ ற் ṟ ற றா றி றீ று றூ றெ றே றை றொ றோ றௌ ன் ṉ ன னா னி னீ னு னூ னெ னே னை னொ னோ னௌ grantha compound table grantha consonants vowels a ா ā ி i ீ ī ு u ூ ū ெ e ே ē ை ai ொ o ோ ō ௌ au ஶ் ś ஶ ஶா ஶி ஶீ ஶு ஶூ ஶெ ஶே ஶை ஶொ ஶோ ஶௌ ஜ் j ஜ ஜா ஜி ஜீ ஜு ஜூ ஜெ ஜே ஜை ஜொ ஜோ ஜௌ ஷ் ṣ ஷ ஷா ஷி ஷீ ஷு ஷூ ஷெ ஷே ஷை ஷொ ஷோ ஷௌ ஸ் s ஸ ஸா ஸி ஸீ ஸு ஸூ ஸெ ஸே ஸை ஸொ ஸோ ஸௌ ஹ் h ஹ ஹா ஹி ஹீ ஹு ஹூ ஹெ ஹே ஹை ஹொ ஹோ ஹௌ க்ஷ் kṣ க்ஷ க்ஷா க்ஷி க்ஷீ க்ஷு க்ஷூ க்ஷெ க்ஷே க்ஷை க்ஷொ க்ஷோ க்ஷௌ writing order edit vowels uyireḻuttu letter animation அ a ஆ ā இ i ஈ ī உ u ஊ ū எ e ஏ ē ஐ ai ஒ o ஓ ō ஔ au ஃ aḵ ஃ is aytam but traditionally grouped with the vowel letters consonants meyyeḻuttu letter animation க் k ங் ṅ ச் ch ஞ் ñ ட் t ண் ṇ த் th ந் n ப் p ம் m ய் y ர் r ல் l வ் v ழ் ḻ ள் ḷ ற் ṟ ன் ṉ numerals and symbols edit main article tamil numerals apart from the usual numerals from 0 to 9 tamil also has numerals for 10 100 and 1000 symbols for fraction and other number based concepts can also be found 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100 1000 ௦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ day month year debit credit as above rupee numeral time quantity ள வ unicode edit main articles tamil unicode block and tamil supplement unicode block tamil script was added to the unicode standard in october 1991 with the release of version 1 0 0 the unicode block for tamil is u 0b80 u 0bff grey areas indicate non assigned code points most of the non assigned code points are designated reserved because they are in the same relative position as characters assigned in other south asian script blocks that correspond to phonemes that don t exist in the tamil script efforts to unify the grantha script with tamil have been made 16 20 however the proposals triggered discontent by some 21 22 eventually considering the sensitivity involved it was determined that the two scripts should be encoded independently except for the numerals 23 tamil 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 0b8x ஂ ஃ அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ எ ஏ u 0b9x ஐ ஒ ஓ ஔ க ங ச ஜ ஞ ட u 0bax ண த ந ன ப ம ய u 0bbx ர ற ல ள ழ வ ஶ ஷ ஸ ஹ ா ி u 0bcx ீ ு ூ ெ ே ை ொ ோ ௌ ் u 0bdx ௐ ௗ u 0bex ௦ ௧ ௨ ௩ ௪ ௫ ௬ ௭ ௮ ௯ u 0bfx notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points proposals to encode characters used for fractional values in traditional accounting practices were submitted 24 although discouraged by the icta of sri lanka 25 the proposal was recognized by the government of tamil nadu 26 and were added to the unicode standard in march 2019 with the release of version 12 0 the unicode block for tamil supplement is u 11fc0 u 11fff tamil supplement 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 11fcx u 11fdx u 11fex u 11ffx notes 1 as of unicode version 17 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points syllabary edit like other south asian scripts in unicode the tamil encoding was originally derived from the iscii standard both iscii and unicode encode tamil as an abugida in an abugida each basic character represents a consonant and default vowel consonants with a different vowel or bare consonants are represented by adding a modifier character to a base character each code point representing a similar phoneme is encoded in the same relative position in each south asian script block in unicode including tamil because unicode represents tamil as an abugida all the pure consonants consonants with no associated vowel and syllables in tamil can be represented by combining multiple unicode code points as can be seen in the unicode tamil syllabary below in unicode 5 1 named sequences were added for all tamil consonants and syllables unicode 5 1 also has a named sequence for the tamil ligature sri śrī ஶ்ரீ written using ஶ śa the name of this sequence is tamil syllable shrii and is composed of the unicode sequence u 0bb6 u 0bcd u 0bb0 u 0bc0 the ligature can also be written using ஸ sa to create an identical ligature ஸ்ரீ composed of the unicode sequence u 0bb8 u 0bcd u 0bb0 u 0bc0 but this is discouraged by the unicode standard 27 unicode tamil syllabary consonants vowels அ 0b85 ஆ 0b86 இ 0b87 ஈ 0b88 உ 0b89 ஊ 0b8a எ 0b8e ஏ 0b8f ஐ 0b90 ஒ 0b92 ஓ 0b93 ஔ 0b94 க் 0b95 0bcd க 0b95 கா 0b95 0bbe கி 0b95 0bbf கீ 0b95 0bc0 கு 0b95 0bc1 கூ 0b95 0bc2 கெ 0b95 0bc6 கே 0b95 0bc7 கை 0b95 0bc8 கொ 0b95 0bca கோ 0b95 0bcb கௌ 0b95 0bcc ங் 0b99 0bcd ங 0b99 ஙா 0b99 0bbe ஙி 0b99 0bbf ஙீ 0b99 0bc0 ஙு 0b99 0bc1 ஙூ 0b99 0bc2 ஙெ 0b99 0bc6 ஙே 0b99 0bc7 ஙை 0b99 0bc8 ஙொ 0b99 0bca ஙோ 0b99 0bcb ஙௌ 0b99 0bcc ச் 0b9a 0bcd ச 0b9a சா 0b9a 0bbe சி 0b9a 0bbf சீ 0b9a 0bc0 சு 0b9a 0bc1 சூ 0b9a 0bc2 செ 0b9a 0bc6 சே 0b9a 0bc7 சை 0b9a 0bc8 சொ 0b9a 0bca சோ 0b9a 0bcb சௌ 0b9a 0bcc ஞ் 0b9e 0bcd ஞ 0b9e ஞா 0b9e 0bbe ஞி 0b9e 0bbf ஞீ 0b9e 0bc0 ஞு 0b9e 0bc1 ஞூ 0b9e 0bc2 ஞெ 0b9e 0bc6 ஞே 0b9e 0bc7 ஞை 0b9e 0bc8 ஞொ 0b9e 0bca ஞோ 0b9e 0bcb ஞௌ 0b9e 0bcc ட் 0b9f 0bcd ட 0b9f டா 0b9f 0bbe டி 0b9f 0bbf டீ 0b9f 0bc0 டு 0b9f 0bc1 டூ 0b9f 0bc2 டெ 0b9f 0bc6 டே 0b9f 0bc7 டை 0b9f 0bc8 டொ 0b9f 0bca டோ 0b9f 0bcb டௌ 0b9f 0bcc ண் 0ba3 0bcd ண 0ba3 ணா 0ba3 0bbe ணி 0ba3 0bbf ணீ 0ba3 0bc0 ணு 0ba3 0bc1 ணூ 0ba3 0bc2 ணெ 0ba3 0bc6 ணே 0ba3 0bc7 ணை 0ba3 0bc8 ணொ 0ba3 0bca ணோ 0ba3 0bcb ணௌ 0ba3 0bcc த் 0ba4 0bcd த 0ba4 தா 0ba4 0bbe தி 0ba4 0bbf தீ 0ba4 0bc0 து 0ba4 0bc1 தூ 0ba4 0bc2 தெ 0ba4 0bc6 தே 0ba4 0bc7 தை 0ba4 0bc8 தொ 0ba4 0bca தோ 0ba4 0bcb தௌ 0ba4 0bcc ந் 0ba8 0bcd ந 0ba8 நா 0ba8 0bbe நி 0ba8 0bbf நீ 0ba8 0bc0 நு 0ba8 0bc1 நூ 0ba8 0bc2 நெ 0ba8 0bc6 நே 0ba8 0bc7 நை 0ba8 0bc8 நொ 0ba8 0bca நோ 0ba8 0bcb நௌ 0ba8 0bcc ப் 0baa 0bcd ப 0baa பா 0baa 0bbe பி 0baa 0bbf பீ 0baa 0bc0 பு 0baa 0bc1 பூ 0baa 0bc2 பெ 0baa 0bc6 பே 0baa 0bc7 பை 0baa 0bc8 பொ 0baa 0bca போ 0baa 0bcb பௌ 0baa 0bcc ம் 0bae 0bcd ம 0bae மா 0bae 0bbe மி 0bae 0bbf மீ 0bae 0bc0 மு 0bae 0bc1 மூ 0bae 0bc2 மெ 0bae 0bc6 மே 0bae 0bc7 மை 0bae 0bc8 மொ 0bae 0bca மோ 0bae 0bcb மௌ 0bae 0bcc ய் 0baf 0bcd ய 0baf யா 0baf 0bbe யி 0baf 0bbf யீ 0baf 0bc0 யு 0baf 0bc1 யூ 0baf 0bc2 யெ 0baf 0bc6 யே 0baf 0bc7 யை 0baf 0bc8 யொ 0baf 0bca யோ 0baf 0bcb யௌ 0baf 0bcc ர் 0bb0 0bcd ர 0bb0 ரா 0bb0 0bbe ரி 0bb0 0bbf ரீ 0bb0 0bc0 ரு 0bb0 0bc1 ரூ 0bb0 0bc2 ரெ 0bb0 0bc6 ரே 0bb0 0bc7 ரை 0bb0 0bc8 ரொ 0bb0 0bca ரோ 0bb0 0bcb ரௌ 0bb0 0bcc ல் 0bb2 0bcd ல 0bb2 லா 0bb2 0bbe லி 0bb2 0bbf லீ 0bb2 0bc0 லு 0bb2 0bc1 லூ 0bb2 0bc2 லெ 0bb2 0bc6 லே 0bb2 0bc7 லை 0bb2 0bc8 லொ 0bb2 0bca லோ 0bb2 0bcb லௌ 0bb2 0bcc வ் 0bb5 0bcd வ 0bb5 வா 0bb5 0bbe வி 0bb5 0bbf வீ 0bb5 0bc0 வு 0bb5 0bc1 வூ 0bb5 0bc2 வெ 0bb5 0bc6 வே 0bb5 0bc7 வை 0bb5 0bc8 வொ 0bb5 0bca வோ 0bb5 0bcb வௌ 0bb5 0bcc ழ் 0bb4 0bcd ழ 0bb4 ழா 0bb4 0bbe ழி 0bb4 0bbf ழீ 0bb4 0bc0 ழு 0bb4 0bc1 ழூ 0bb4 0bc2 ழெ 0bb4 0bc6 ழே 0bb4 0bc7 ழை 0bb4 0bc8 ழொ 0bb4 0bca ழோ 0bb4 0bcb ழௌ 0bb4 0bcc ள் 0bb3 0bcd ள 0bb3 ளா 0bb3 0bbe ளி 0bb3 0bbf ளீ 0bb3 0bc0 ளு 0bb3 0bc1 ளூ 0bb3 0bc2 ளெ 0bb3 0bc6 ளே 0bb3 0bc7 ளை 0bb3 0bc8 ளொ 0bb3 0bca ளோ 0bb3 0bcb ளௌ 0bb3 0bcc ற் 0bb1 0bcd ற 0bb1 றா 0bb1 0bbe றி 0bb1 0bbf றீ 0bb1 0bc0 று 0bb1 0bc1 றூ 0bb1 0bc2 றெ 0bb1 0bc6 றே 0bb1 0bc7 றை 0bb1 0bc8 றொ 0bb1 0bca றோ 0bb1 0bcb றௌ 0bb1 0bcc ன் 0ba9 0bcd ன 0ba9 னா 0ba9 0bbe னி 0ba9 0bbf னீ 0ba9 0bc0 னு 0ba9 0bc1 னூ 0ba9 0bc2 னெ 0ba9 0bc6 னே 0ba9 0bc7 னை 0ba9 0bc8 னொ 0ba9 0bca னோ 0ba9 0bcb னௌ 0ba9 0bcc ஶ் 0bb6 0bcd ஶ 0bb6 ஶா 0bb6 0bbe ஶி 0bb6 0bbf ஶீ 0bb6 0bc0 ஶு 0bb6 0bc1 ஶூ 0bb6 0bc2 ஶெ 0bb6 0bc6 ஶே 0bb6 0bc7 ஶை 0bb6 0bc8 ஶொ 0bb6 0bca ஶோ 0bb6 0bcb ஶௌ 0bb6 0bcc ஜ் 0b9c 0bcd ஜ 0b9c ஜா 0b9c 0bbe ஜி 0b9c 0bbf ஜீ 0b9c 0bc0 ஜு 0b9c 0bc1 ஜூ 0b9c 0bc2 ஜெ 0b9c 0bc6 ஜே 0b9c 0bc7 ஜை 0b9c 0bc8 ஜொ 0b9c 0bca ஜோ 0b9c 0bcb ஜௌ 0b9c 0bcc ஷ் 0bb7 0bcd ஷ 0bb7 ஷா 0bb7 0bbe ஷி 0bb7 0bbf ஷீ 0bb7 0bc0 ஷு 0bb7 0bc1 ஷூ 0bb7 0bc2 ஷெ 0bb7 0bc6 ஷே 0bb7 0bc7 ஷை 0bb7 0bc8 ஷொ 0bb7 0bca ஷோ 0bb7 0bcb ஷௌ 0bb7 0bcc ஸ் 0bb8 0bcd ஸ 0bb8 ஸா 0bb8 0bbe ஸி 0bb8 0bbf ஸீ 0bb8 0bc0 ஸு 0bb8 0bc1 ஸூ 0bb8 0bc2 ஸெ 0bb8 0bc6 ஸே 0bb8 0bc7 ஸை 0bb8 0bc8 ஸொ 0bb8 0bca ஸோ 0bb8 0bcb ஸௌ 0bb8 0bcc ஹ் 0bb9 0bcd ஹ 0bb9 ஹா 0bb9 0bbe ஹி 0bb9 0bbf ஹீ 0bb9 0bc0 ஹு 0bb9 0bc1 ஹூ 0bb9 0bc2 ஹெ 0bb9 0bc6 ஹே 0bb9 0bc7 ஹை 0bb9 0bc8 ஹொ 0bb9 0bca ஹோ 0bb9 0bcb ஹௌ 0bb9 0bcc க்ஷ் 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bcd க்ஷ 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 க்ஷா 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bbe க்ஷி 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bbf க்ஷீ 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bc0 க்ஷு 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bc1 க்ஷூ 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bc2 க்ஷெ 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bc6 க்ஷே 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bc7 க்ஷை 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bc8 க்ஷொ 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bca க்ஷோ 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bcb க்ஷெள 0b95 0bcd 0bb7 0bcc see also edit simplified tamil script tamil phonology tamil keyboard tamil braille tamil letters on tamil wikibooks tamil numerals tamil units of measurement grantha script vatteluttu script tamil brahmi pallava script kolezhuthu arwi tamil bell malayalam script iso 15919 notes edit rajan k december 2001 territorial division as gleaned from memorial stones east and west 51 3 4 istituto italiano per l africa e l oriente isiao 363 jstor 29757518 table showing tamil in row for the 601 800 period 1 2 3 4 mahadevan 2003 p 213 1 2 mahadevan 2003 p 212 allen julie 2006 the unicode 5 0 standard 5 ed upper saddle river nj addison wesley isbn 0 321 48091 0 at p 324 lewis m paul ed 2009 ethnologue languages of the world 16th ed dallas tex sil international retrieved 28 august 2009 university of madras tamil lexicon page 148 அலியெழுத்து aliyeḻuttu n ali y eḻuttu அலி ¹ 1 the letter ஃ as being regarded as neither a vowel nor a consonant ஆய்தம் வெண்பாப் முதன்மொ 6 உரை 2 consonants மெய்யெ ழுத்து பிங் permanent dead link 1 2 mahadevan 2003 p 173 mahadevan 2003 p 230 mahadevan 2003 p 211 mahadevan 2003 p 209 francis 2024 pp 205 214 francis emmanuel 2024 mixing languages and scripts in tamil inscriptions and manuscripts pp 205 214 lockwood michael 2008 the creation of the pallava grantha tamil script 9 15 cite journal cite journal requires journal help 1 2 3 steever 1996 p 426 430 the unicode standard version 13 0 core specification south and central asia i official scripts of india pg 498 1 2 sharma shriramana 2010a proposal to encode characters for extended tamil sharma shriramana 2010c follow up 2 to extended tamil proposal unicode consortium 2019 tamil in the unicode standard version 12 0 pp 489 498 selvakumar v 2016 history of numbers and fractions and arithmetic calculations in the tamil region some observations huss international journal of research in humanities and social sciences 3 1 27 35 https doi org 10 15613 hijrh 2016 v3i1 111730 sharma shriramana 2010b follow up to extended tamil proposal l2 10 256r eraiyarasan b dr b eraiyarasan s comments on tamil unicode and grantham proposals nalankilli thanjai 2018 attempts to pollute tamil unicode with grantha characters tamil tribune retrieved 12 march 2019 from http www tamiltribune com 18 1201 html government of india 2010 unicode standard for grantha script sharma shriraman...