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mainframe computers in the 1950s as of 2018 update capacities of 20 terabytes or higher of uncompressed data per cartridge were available in early computer systems magnetic tape served as the main storage medium because although the drives were expensive the tapes were inexpensive some computer systems ran the operating system on tape drives such as dectape dectape had fixed size indexed blocks that could be rewritten without disturbing other blocks so dectape could be used like a slow disk drive data tape drives may use advanced data integrity techniques such as multilevel forward error correction shingling and linear serpentine layout for writing data to tape tape drives can be connected to a computer with scsi fibre channel sata usb firewire ficon or other interfaces a tape drives are used with autoloaders and tape libraries which automatically load unload and store multiple tapes increasing the volume of data that can be stored without manual intervention in the early days of home computing floppy and hard disk drives were very expensive many computers had an interface to store data via an audio tape recorder typically on compact cassettes simple dedicated tape drives such as the professional dectape and the home zx microdrive and rotronics wafadrive were also designed for inexpensive data storage however the drop in disk drive prices made such alternatives obsolete data compression edit as some data can be compressed to a smaller size than the original files it has become commonplace when marketing tape drives to state the capacity with the assumption of a 2 1 compression ratio thus a tape with a capacity of 80 gb would be sold as 80 160 the true storage capacity is also known as the native capacity or the raw capacity the compression ratio actually achievable depends on the data being compressed some data has little redundancy large video files for example already use compression and cannot be compressed further a database with repetitive entries on the other hand may allow compression ratios better than 10 1 technical limitations edit control data corporation 606 tape drive showing two long vertical vacuum columns in the lower part a disadvantageous effect termed shoe shining occurs during read write if the data transfer rate falls below the minimum threshold at which the tape drive heads were designed to transfer data to or from a continuously running tape in this situation the modern fast running tape drive is unable to stop the tape instantly instead the drive must decelerate and stop the tape rewind it a short distance restart it position back to the point at which streaming stopped and then resume the operation if the condition repeats the resulting back and forth tape motion resembles that of shining shoes with a cloth shoe shining decreases the attainable data transfer rate drive and tape life and tape capacity in early tape drives non continuous data transfer was normal and unavoidable computer processing power and available memory were usually insufficient to provide a constant stream so tape drives were typically designed for start stop operation early drives used very large spools which necessarily had high inertia and did not start and stop moving easily to provide high start stop and seek performance several feet of loose tape was played out and pulled by a suction fan down into two deep open channels on either side of the tape head and capstans the long thin loops of tape hanging in these vacuum columns had far less inertia than the two reels and could be rapidly started stopped and repositioned the large reels would move as required to keep the slack tape in the vacuum columns later most tape drives of the 1980s introduced the use of an internal data buffer to somewhat reduce start stop situations b these drives are often referred to as tape streamers the tape was stopped only when the buffer contained no data to be written or when it was full of data during reading as faster tape drives became available despite being buffered the drives started to suffer from the shoe shining sequence of stop rewind start some newer drives have several speeds and implement algorithms that dynamically match the tape speed level to the computer s data rate example speed levels could be 50 percent 75 percent and 100 percent of full speed a computer that streams data slower than the lowest speed level e g at 49 percent will still cause shoe shining media edit see also list of cassette tape and cartridge tape formats magnetic tape is commonly housed in a casing such as a cassette or cartridge for example the 4 track cartridge and the compact cassette the cassette contains magnetic tape to provide different audio content using the same player the outer shell made of plastic sometimes with metal plates and parts permits ease of handling of the fragile tape making it far more convenient and robust than having spools of exposed tape simple analog cassette audio tape recorders were commonly used for data storage and distribution on home computers at a time when floppy disk drives were very expensive the commodore datasette was a dedicated data version using the same media history edit see also magnetic tape data storage chronological list of tape formats year manu fac tur er model ca pac i ty advancements 1951 remington rand uniservo 224 kb first computer tape drive used 1 2 nickel plated phosphor bronze tape 1952 ibm 726 use of plastic tape cellulose acetate 7 track tape that could store every 6 bit byte plus a parity bit 1953 ibm 727 1958 ibm 729 c separate read write heads providing transparent read after write verification 3 1961 ibm 7340 10 track 1 tape cartridge that could store every 8 bit byte plus a parity bit d 1964 ibm 24xx 9 track tape that could store every 8 bit byte plus a parity bit 1970s ibm 34xx auto loading tape reels and drives avoiding manual tape threading 6250 bpi with group coded recording gcr for error recovery 1972 3m quarter inch cartridge qic 11 20 mb tape cassette with two reels linear serpentine recording 4 1974 ibm 3850 tape cartridge with single reel first tape library with robotic access 5 1975 various kansas city standard use of standard audio cassettes 1977 commodore international commodore datasette 1978 kb 1980 cipher f880 ram buffer to mask start stop delays 6 7 1984 ibm 3480 200 mb internal takeup reel with automatic tape takeup mechanism thin film magnetoresistive mr head 8 1984 dec tk50 94 mb digital linear tape dlt line of products 9 1986 ibm 3480 400 mb hardware data compression idrc algorithm 10 1987 exabyte sony exb 8200 2 4 gb first helical digital tape drive elimination of the capstan and pinch roller system 1993 dec tx87 tape directory database with first tapemark nr on each serpentine pass 11 1995 ibm 3570 factory recorded servo tracks for precise head positioning time based servoing or tbs 12 tape on unload rewound to the midpoint halving access time requires two reel cassette 13 1996 hp dds3 12 gb partial response maximum likelihood prml reading method no fixed thresholds 14 1997 ibm vts virtual tape disk cache that emulates tape drive 5 1999 exabyte mammoth 2 60 gb small cloth covered wheel for cleaning tape heads inactive burnishing heads to prep the tape and deflect any debris or excess lubricant section of cleaning material at the beginning of each data tape 2000 quantum super dlt 110 gb optical servo precisely positioning the heads 15 2000 linear tape open lto 1 100 gb 2003 ibm 3592 300 gb virtual backhitch 2003 linear tape open lto 2 200 gb 2003 sony sait 1 500 gb single reel cartridge for helical recording 2005 ibm ts1120 700 gb 2005 linear tape open lto 3 400 gb 2006 storagetek t10000 500 gb multiple head assemblies and servos per drive 16 2007 linear tape open lto 4 800 gb 2008 ibm ts1130 1 tb encryption capability integrated into the drive 2008 storagetek t10000b 1 tb 2010 linear tape open lto 5 1 5 tb linear tape file system ltfs which allows accessing files on tape in the file system directly similar to disk filesystems without an additional tape library database 2011 ibm ts1140 4 tb linear tape file system ltfs supported 2011 storagetek t10000c 5 tb linear tape file system ltfs supported 2012 linear tape open lto 6 2 5 tb 2013 storagetek t10000d 8 5 tb 2014 ibm ts1150 10 tb 2015 linear tape open lto 7 6 tb 2017 ibm ts1155 15 tb 2017 linear tape open lto 8 12 tb 2018 ibm ts1160 20 tb 2021 linear tape open lto 9 18 tb 2023 ibm ts1170 50 tb 2025 linear tape open ibm lto 10 30 tb capacity edit manufacturers often specify the capacity of tapes using data compression techniques compressibility varies for different data commonly 2 1 to 8 1 and the specified capacity may not be attained for some types of real data as of 2014 update tape drives capable of higher capacity were still being developed in 2011 fujifilm and ibm announced that they had been able to record 29 5 billion bits per square inch with magnetic tape media developed using barium ferrite bafe particles and nanotechnologies allowing drives with true uncompressed tape capacity of 35 tb 17 18 the technology was not expected to be commercially available for at least a decade in 2014 sony and ibm announced that they had been able to record 148 billion bits per square inch with magnetic tape media developed using a new vacuum thin film forming technology able to form extremely fine crystal particles allowing true tape capacity of 185 tb 19 20 on december 15 2020 fujifilm and ibm announced a strontium ferrite srfe technology able in theory to store 580 tb per tape cartridge 21 notes edit historical interfaces include also escon parallel port ide pertec some modern designs are still developed to operate in a non linear fashion ibm s 3xxx formats are designed to keep the tape moving irrespective of the data buffer segments are written when data is available but gaps are written when buffers run empty when the drive detects an idle period it re reads the fragmented segments into a buffer and writes them back over the fragmented sections a virtual backhitch 1 as of january 2009 update the computer history museum in mountain view california has working ibm 729 tape drives attached to its working ibm 1401 system 2 derived from the ibm 7955 tractor on the ibm 7950 harvest references edit mellor chris 2005 03 02 mainframe tape lock in ended techworld archived from the original on 2012 06 05 1401restoration chm 2011 05 14 archived from the original on may 14 2011 retrieved 2012 01 31 harris j p phillips w b wells j f winger w d september 1981 innovations in the design of magnetic tape subsystems pdf ibm j res dev 25 5 691 700 doi 10 1147 rd 255 0691 archived from the original pdf on september 9 2006 retrieved 2023 04 19 crandall daryl april 30 1990 another summary of 1 4 tape systems sun managers mailing list archived from the original on march 10 2012 retrieved 2013 04 21 1 2 ibm archives fifty years of storage innovation 03 ibm com 23 january 2003 archived from the original on january 24 2005 retrieved 2012 01 31 capstanless magnetic tape drive with electronic equivalent to length of tape cipher data products inc freepatentsonline com 1985 02 19 retrieved 2012 01 31 operation and maintenance instructions for model f880 tape transport archived from the original on september 22 2007 retrieved 2012 01 31 ibm 3480 magnetic tape subsystem 03 ibm com 23 january 2003 archived from the original on april 15 2005 retrieved 2013 04 19 decsystem 5100 maintenance guide pdf august 1990 retrieved 2012 01 31 3480 3490 tape backup migration advanced downloading ltd retrieved 2013 04 19 tape alumnus caltech edu archived from the original on 2011 07 17 retrieved 2012 01 31 hard disk drive technology flat heads for linear tape recording archived from the original on february 16 2008 retrieved 2012 01 31 archived copy archived from the original on 2007 10 17 retrieved 2007 03 19 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link data retrieval hewlett packard development company l p freepatentsonline com retrieved 2012 01 31 tape wars is the end near tape drives industry trend or event page 2 computer technology review vol 19 no 12 stk tape drive products and technology pdf retrieved 2012 01 31 fujifilm barium ferrite magnetic tape establishes world record in data density 29 5 billion bits per square inch fujifilm january 22 2010 archived from the original on 2011 09 29 retrieved 2011 07 13 harris robin january 24 2010 a 70 tb tape cartridge too much too late zdnet retrieved 2011 07 13 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link sony develops magnetic tape technology with the world s highest 1 areal recording density of 148 gb in2 sony global retrieved 2014 05 04 fingas jon may 4 2014 sony s 185tb data tape puts your hard drive to shame engadget retrieved 2014 05 04 mark lantz hybrid clouds will rely on magnetic tape for decades to come ibm v t e magnetic tape data storage formats linear wide 19 25 4 mm ibm 7340 1961 linctape 1962 dectape 1963 cdc 626 1966 half inch 12 7 mm uniservo 1951 ibm 7 track 1952 tx 2 tape system 1958 9 track 1964 ibm 3480 1984 dlt 1984 ibm 3590 1995 t9840 1998 t9940 2000 lto ultrium 2000 ibm 3592 2003 t10000 2006 eight millimeter 8 mm travan 1995 ibm 3570 mp 1997 adr 1999 quarter inch 6 35 mm qic 1972 slr 1986 ditto 1992 eighth 0 15 inch 3 81 mm d cas 1971 kc standard compact cassette 1975 dc100 1976 tarbell cassette interface 1976 commodore datasette 1977 dectape ii 1979 ibm pc cassette 1981 stringy 1 58 1 9 mm exatron stringy floppy 1979 zx microdrive 1983 ql microdrive 1984 rotronics wafadrive 1984 helical three quarter inch 19 mm sony dir 19xx ampex dst 1992 half inch 12 7 mm arvid 1992 redwood sd 3 1995 dtf 19xx sait 2003 eight millimeter 8 mm data8 1987 mammoth 1994 ait 1996 vxa 1999 four millimeter 3 81 mm dds dat 1989 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title tape_drive oldid 1370212626 categories tape based computer storage magnetic devices 1951 in computing 1951 in technology computer related introductions in 1951 hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 all articles containing potentially dated statements articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 articles containing potentially dated statements from january 2009 cs1 maint archived copy as title articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 cs1 maint deprecated archival service this page was last edited on 19 august 2026 at 19 56 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement 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