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main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 methods 2 history 3 definition 4 ranks 5 see also 6 notes 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents taxon 82 languages alemannisch aragonés العربية asturianu azərbaycanca башҡортса boarisch беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français arpetan frysk gaeilge galego avañe ẽ עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 taqbaylit 한국어 limburgs lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം монгол кырык мары bahasa melayu malti plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål nouormand occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی português română русский русиньскый саха тыла scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski seeltersk svenska தமிழ் ไทย türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia unit of biological populations not to be confused with taxon journal taxa redirects here for other uses see taxa disambiguation african elephants form the genus loxodonta a widely accepted taxon in biology a taxon is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms as seen by taxonomists to form a biological unit taxon back formation from taxonomy pl taxa although neither is required a taxon once its description has become established is usually known by a particular name and is given a particular ranking methods edit taxonomists consider which organisms belong to a given taxon which criteria are to be used for deciding inclusion this is especially the case in context of rank based nomenclature linnaean taxonomy 1 once a taxon is given a formal scientific name its use is governed by one of the nomenclature codes that specify the correct scientific name for a particular grouping initial attempts at preserving human knowledge of plants and animals were presumably made in prehistoric times by hunter gatherers as suggested by folk taxonomies interpreted from archeological and anthropological studies 2 much later as of aristotle s teachings and later still as of the published works of magnol 3 tournefort 4 and carl linnaeus his systema naturae 10th edition 1758 5 and as of the unpublished works of bernard and antoine laurent de jussieu then did european naturalists and scientists begin documenting this new field of human knowledge the idea of a unit based system to classify the characteristics of plants and animals later known as biological classification was first made widely available in 1805 via augustin pyramus de candolle s principes élémentaires de botanique published as the introduction to jean baptiste lamarck s flore françoise 3rd ed 1805 which treatise presented a system for the natural classification of plants from that time forward systematists have competed collaborated and published while providing for organizing and classifying human knowledge of the life forms on planet earth in modern biology studies a good or useful taxon is commonly taken to be one that reflects evolutionary relationships note 1 many modern systematists are advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature they use cladistic methods that require taxa to be monophyletic i e show all the descendants of a common ancestor their basic unit the clade is equivalent to the taxon and their using the clade implies that taxa should reflect evolutionary relationships similarly among those contemporary taxonomists working with the traditional linnean binomial nomenclature only a few still propose taxa they know to be paraphyletic 6 an example of a long established taxon that is paraphyletic meaning not also a clade is the class reptilia the reptiles birds and mammals are descendants of animals long classed as reptiles but traditionally neither was placed in class reptilia instead birds are found in the class aves and mammals in the class mammalia 7 history edit the term taxon was first used in 1926 by adolf meyer abich for animal groups as a back formation from the word taxonomy the word taxonomy had been coined a century before from the greek components τάξις táxis meaning arrangement and νόμος nómos meaning method 8 9 for plants it was proposed by herman johannes lam in 1948 and it was adopted at the vii international botanical congress held in 1950 10 definition edit the glossary of the international code of zoological nomenclature 1999 11 defines a taxon pl taxa n a taxonomic unit whether named or not i e a population or group of populations of organisms which are usually inferred to be phylogenetically related and which have characters in common which differentiate q v the unit e g a geographic population a genus a family an order from other such units a taxon encompasses all included taxa of lower rank q v and individual organisms ranks edit the hierarchy of biological classification s eight major taxonomic ranks intermediate minor rankings are not shown a taxon can be assigned a taxonomic rank usually but not necessarily when it is given a formal description though it is common to place a taxon as an unranked group called a clade 12 phylum applies formally to any biological domain but traditionally it was always used for animals whereas division was traditionally often used for plants fungi etc 13 the prefix super indicates a rank above the prefix sub indicates a rank below in zoology the prefix infra indicates a rank below sub for instance among the additional ranks of class are superclass subclass and infraclass citation needed rank is relative and restricted to a particular systematic schema for example liverworts have been grouped in various systems of classification as a family order class or division phylum the use of a narrow set of ranks is challenged by users of cladistics for example the mere 10 ranks traditionally used between animal families governed by the international code of zoological nomenclature iczn and animal phyla usually the highest relevant rank in taxonomic work often cannot adequately represent the evolutionary history as more about a lineage s phylogeny becomes known citation needed in addition the class rank is quite often not an evolutionary but a phenetic or paraphyletic group and as opposed to those ranks governed by the iczn family level genus level and species level taxa can usually not be made monophyletic by exchanging the taxa contained therein this has given rise to phylogenetic taxonomy and the ongoing development of the phylocode which has been proposed as a new alternative to replace linnean classification and govern the application of names to clades many cladists do not see any need to depart from traditional nomenclature as governed by the iczn international code of nomenclature for algae fungi and plants etc citation needed see also edit biology portal abcd schema alpha taxonomy chresonym cladistics folk taxonomy ichnotaxon international code of nomenclature for algae fungi and plants international code of nomenclature of prokaryotes international code of phylogenetic nomenclature international code of zoological nomenclature iczn list of taxa named by anagrams rank botany rank zoology segregate taxonomy virus classification wastebasket taxon notes edit this is not considered as mandatory however as indicated by terms for non monophyletic groupings invertebrates conifers fish etc references edit cantino philip d de queiroz kevin 2000 international code of phylogenetic nomenclature phylocode a phylogenetic code of biological nomenclature boca raton fl crc press pp xl 149 isbn 0429821352 berlin b breedlove de raven ph folk taxonomies and biological classification science 154 3746 273 275 doi 10 1126 science 154 3746 273 magnol petrus 1689 prodromus historiae generalis plantarum in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur in latin montpellier pech p 79 tournefort joseph pitton de 1694 elemens de botanique ou methode pour connoître les plantes i texte par mr pitton tournefort t i iii paris l imprimerie royale p 562 quammen david june 2007 a passion for order national geographic magazine archived from the original on august 27 2008 retrieved 27 april 2013 de queiroz k j gauthier 1990 phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy phylogenetic definitions of taxon names pdf systematic zoology 39 4 307 322 doi 10 2307 2992353 jstor 2992353 romer a s 1970 1949 the vertebrate body 4th ed w b saunders sylvain adnet brigitte senut thierry tortosa romain amiot julien claude sébastien clausen anne laure decombeix vincent fernandez grégoire métais brigitte meyer berthaud serge muller 25 september 2013 principes de paléontologie dunod p 122 isbn 978 2 10 070313 5 la taxinomie s enrichit avec l invenition du mot taxon par adolf meyer abich naturaliste allemand dans sa logik der morphologie im rahmen einer logik der gesamten biologie 1926 translation taxonomy is enriched by the invention of the word taxon by adolf meyer abich german naturalist in his logik der morphologie im rahmen einer logik der gesamten biologie 1926 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link meyer abich adolf 1926 logik der morphologie im rahmen einer logik der gesamten biologie springer verlag p 127 isbn 978 3 642 50733 5 cite book isbn date incompatibility help naik v n 1984 taxonomy of angiosperms new delhi tata mcgraw hill p 2 iczn 1999 international code of zoological nomenclature glossary archived 2005 01 03 at the wayback machine international commission on zoological nomenclature simpson michael g 2019 plant systematics third ed burlington ma academic press an imprint of elsevier isbn 978 0 12 812628 8 turland nick j 2019 the code decoded a user s guide to the international code of nomenclature for algae fungi and plants second ed sofia bulgaria pensoft isbn 978 954 642 964 3 external links edit the dictionary definition of taxon at wiktionary v t e evolutionary biology introduction outline timeline of evolution history of life index evolution abiogenesis adaptation adaptive radiation altruism cheating reciprocal baldwin effect cladistics coevolution mutualism common descent convergence divergence earliest known life forms evidence of evolution evolutionary arms race evolutionary pressure exaptation extinction event homology last universal common ancestor macroevolution microevolution mismatch non adaptive radiation origin of life panspermia parallel evolution pleiotropy signalling theory handicap principle speciation species species complex taxonomy tradeoff unit of selection gene centered view of evolution population genetics artificial selection biodiversity evolutionary invasion analysis evolutionarily stable strategy fisher s principle fitness inclusive gene flow kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mutation neutral evolution genetic drift population natural selection sexual dimorphism sexual selection flowering plants fungi mate choice social selection trivers willard hypothesis variation development canalisation evolutionary developmental biology genetic assimilation inversion modularity phenotypic plasticity of taxa bacteria birds origin brachiopods molluscs cephalopods dinosaurs fish fungi insects butterflies life mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses kangaroos primates humans lemurs sea cows plants pollinator mediated reptiles spiders tetrapods viruses of organs cell dna flagella eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids in animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain of processes aging antagonistic pleiotropy death programmed cell death avian flight biological complexity cooperation color vision in primates emotion empathy ethics eusociality immune system metabolism monogamy morality mosaic evolution multicellularity sexual reproduction gamete differentiation sexes life cycles nuclear phases mating types meiosis sex determination red queen hypothesis snake venom tempo and modes deep time gradualism punctuated equilibrium saltationism micromutation macromutation uniformitarianism catastrophism speciation allopatric anagenesis catagenesis cladogenesis cospeciation ecological hybrid non ecological parapatric peripatric reinforcement sympatric history scientific revolution and enlightenment transmutation of species david hume dialogues concerning natural religion erasmus darwin romanticism s contributions charles darwin on the origin of species history of paleontology transitional fossil blending inheritance mendelian inheritance the eclipse of darwinism neo darwinism modern synthesis history of molecular evolution extended evolutionary synthesis philosophy darwinism alternatives catastrophism lamarckism orthogenesis mutationism saltationism structuralism spandrel theistic vitalism teleology in biology teleonomy related biogeography ecological genetics evolutionary medicine group selection cultural evolution cultural group selection dual inheritance theory vicar of bray hypothesis hologenome theory of evolution hybrid missing heritability problem molecular evolution astrobiology phylogenetics tree polymorphism protocell systematics transgenerational epigenetic inheritance category portal authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title taxon oldid 1368361664 categories organisms taxa biological classification botanical nomenclature zoological nomenclature hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 latin language sources la cs1 maint multiple names authors list cs1 errors isbn date webarchive template wayback links all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from january 2024 this page was last edited on 8 august 2026 at 16 31 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search 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