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the (271), and (66), #temple (57), nike (55), athena (48), was (33), acropolis (27), from (20), edit (18), that (18), athens (17), frieze (14), cornice (14), museum (13), her (12), friezes (12), statue (12), parapet (11), would (11), been (11), are (11), this (10), with (10), have (10), wikipedia (9), greek (9), there (9), cyma (9), parthenon (8), akroteria (8), history (8), architecture (8), east (8), around (8), victory (8), ancient (7), greece (7), for (7), sandal (7), sanctuary (7), has (7), battle (7), cs1 (6), maint (6), century (6), propylaea (6), south (6), west (6), its (6), what (6), these (6), main (6), toggle (5), page (5), july (5), links (5), link (5), list (5), sculpture (5), doi (5), art (5), through (5), were (5), feet (5), over (5), some (5), right (5), contents (4), search (4), commons (4), wikidata (4), names (4), authors (4), articles (4), all (4), structures (4), retrieved (4), other (4), related (4), kore (4), 9715 (4), 7249 (4), one (4), classical (4), s2cid 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rkçe українська اردو tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 37 58 17 n 23 43 30 e 37 9715 n 23 7249 e 37 9715 23 7249 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia ancient greek temple on the acropolis of athens the temple of athena nike painting of the temple of athena nike by carl werner 1877 the temple of athena nike greek ναός αθηνάς νίκης naós athinás níkis the smallest temple on the acropolis of athens is dedicated to the goddesses athena and nike built around 420 bc the temple is the earliest and purest expression of 1 fully ionic temple on the acropolis clarification needed it has a prominent position on a steep bastion at the southwest corner of the acropolis to the right of the entrance the propylaea in contrast to the acropolis proper a walled sanctuary entered through the propylaea the victory sanctuary was open entered from the propylaea s southwest wing and from a narrow stair on the north the sheer walls of its bastion were protected on the north west and south by the nike parapet named for its frieze of nikai celebrating victory and sacrificing to their patroness athena and nike nike was the goddess of victory in greek mythology and athena was worshipped in this form representative of being victorious in war the citizens worshipped the goddesses in hopes of a successful outcome in the long peloponnesian war fought against the spartans and allies 2 history edit a photograph of temple of athena nike taken in 1848 by george wilson bridges after its reconstruction in 1835 36 scene of the battle of plataea from the south frieze of the temple of athena nike british museum london temple of athena nike is on the right from the propylaea the cult of athena nike flourished in the early sixth century bc on the remains of a mycenaean bastion a cult image of athena seated holding a pomegranate in her right hand and holding a helmet in her left was placed on top of a square limestone base the sanctuary of athena nike was demolished by the persians in 480 479 bc and a temple was built over the remains 3 the new temple construction was underway in 449 bc and was finished around 420 bc the cult was supervised by the priestess of athena nike who was appointed through democratic allotment 2 if still in use by the 4th century ad the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late roman empire athens came under the rule of the roman empire in 146 b c and continued under its successor the byzantine empire until the city was captured by the ottoman empire in 1458 the temple sat untouched until it was demolished in 1686 by the ottomans who used the stones to build defenses in 1834 the temple was reconstructed by the german archeologist ludwig ross in 1998 the temple was dismantled so that the crumbling concrete floor could be replaced its frieze was removed and placed in the new acropolis museum that opened in 2009 4 the temple of athena nike is often closed to visitors as work continues the exhibit consists of fragments of the site before the persians destroyed it in 480 bc sculptures from the friezes have been salvaged such as the deeds of hercules a statue of moscophoros a damaged sculpture of a goddess credited to praxiteles and the rampin horseman as well as epigraphic dedications decrees and stelae 5 architecture edit floor plan the temple of athena nike the smallest on the acropolis was finished around 420 bc during the peace of nicias 6 7 it is a tetrastyle four column ionic structure with a colonnaded portico at both front and rear facades amphiprostyle designed by the architect kallikrates the columns along the east and west fronts were monolithic columns the temple ran 8 metres 26 feet long by 5 5 metres 18 feet wide and 7 metres 23 feet tall the total height from the stylobate to the acme of the pediment while the temple remained intact was a modest 7 metres 23 feet the ratio of height to diameter of the columns is 7 1 rather than the more standard 9 1 or 10 1 ratio in ionic buildings constructed from white pentelic marble it was built in stages as war starved funding allowed a relief from the parapet around the temple which shows nike fixing her sandal it is housed at the acropolis museum friezes and parapets edit friezes edit the friezes of the building s entablature were decorated on all sides with relief sculpture in the idealized classical style of the 5th century bc the orientation of the temple is set up so that the east frieze sits above the entrance of the temple on the porch side the north frieze depicted a battle between greeks entailing cavalry the south frieze showed the decisive victory over the persians at the battle of plataea the east frieze showed an assembly of the gods athena zeus and poseidon rendering athenian religious beliefs and reverence for the gods bound up in the social and political climate of 5th century athens the west frieze has a good amount of the original sculpting preserved similar to the east frieze it is most likely telling the story of a battle or more specifically a victory there are multiple corpses depicted more than any of the other three friezes and imagery of one about to be killed with some figures wearing helmets this battle between armies most likely is depicting the massacre of the corinthians by the athenians 8 some time after the temple was completed around 410 bc a parapet was added around it to prevent people from falling from the steep bastion the outside of the parapet was adorned by carved relief sculptures showing nike in a variety of activities including two nikai setting up a trophy and all in procession 9 architects christian hansen and eduard schaubert excavated the temple in the 1830s the building had been totally dismantled in the 17th century sometime after 1687 and the stone built into the turkish wall that surrounded the hill a primitive anastylosis was carried out in 1836 when the turkish wall was dismantled the stones were recovered and the temple was re erected from remaining parts a third restoration was completed in summer 2010 10 the main structure stylobate and columns are largely intact minus the roof and most of the tympanae fragments of the sculpted frieze are exhibited in the acropolis museum and the british museum copies of these are fixed in their place on the temple parapet of nike edit the parapet in the acropolis museum pentelic marble ca 410s bc athens greece on the parapet there would have stood a famous marble statue of a wingless nike the positioning of this statue has nike leaning towards her right foot with her right arm stretching towards her sandal and her clothes slipping off her shoulder for a while there has been much debate over what the imagery of this statue is supposed to represent there are many other uses of greek sandal related art found on cups vases and even on the friezes of the parthenon however these versions all depict the subjects bending down with both arms stretched out to adjust or tie their sandals the difference in imagery between one hand and two is what has caused discrepancy behind the meaning of the statue of a wingless nike it is most likely that nike is instead removing or loosening her sandal as opposed to adjusting or putting it on this use of imagery is thought to be used to demonstrate the action of removing footwear to those entering the temple to pay tribute to athena as this was a traditional action of worshiping in this space 11 the statue was discovered in 1835 near the temple it is thought to have stood on the south side of the temple it is currently held by the acropolis museum inventory number ακρ 973 12 the famous parapet of nike removing her sandal is an example of wet drapery 13 which shows the form of the body while also concealing the body with the drapery of the clothing some friezes are from the persian and peloponnesian wars the friezes contained a cavalry scene from the battle of marathon 490 bc and a greek victory over the persians at the battle of plataea 479 the battles represent greek and athenian dominance through military power and historical events 14 a statue of nike stood in the cella or otherwise referred to as a naos nike was originally the winged victory goddess see the winged nike of samothrace the athena nike statue s absence of wings led athenians in later centuries to call it apteros nike or wingless victory and the story arose that the statue was deprived of wings so that it could never leave the city cornice and cyma edit an 1893 photograph of the acropolis showing the beulé gate propylaea and the temple of athena nike cornice edit the cornice follows standard architectural design and sits immediately above the frieze and wraps around the entire structure many sections of the cornice that have been discovered are believed to be part of the temple of athena nike however some archaeologists think that some of the pieces found near the temple might not be part it these pieces of the cornice are lined on the inside with an array of holes supporting the idea that the cornice was held in place by dowels which connected it to the frieze many of these cornice pieces are so weathered and worn that the dowel holes are no longer visible 14 the cornice stretches flat and with no moldings that would create a design if there had been a design it would not be sculptural there is evidence that would suggest that the cornice would have at one point been painted however because the architecture has been worn for such a long time any knowledge of what the design could have been is long lost cyma edit just above the cornice on the north and south sides of the temple rests the cyma they sit at an angle on both sides creating the slope that makes up the roofing and the pediment stretching along the cyma is an order of lion heads that extend outward at each end of the cyma where the corners would turn into the east and west faces of the temple there are cuttings just above the cyma where an akroteria would have been placed 14 akroteria edit the main body of the central statue that made up the akroteria was composed of bronze not marble there is evidence of gold foiling and gold wiring through the main bronze core researchers have hypothesized on the form of the statue such as a tripod a trophy flanked by nikai or a composition based on the nike erected by paionios of mende over the spartan shield on the east facade of the temple of zeus at olympia but there is no trace of the original sculpture to indicate what the central akroteria really looked like 15 the same can be said for the statues that would make up the east and west akroteria both were made of bronze and it is impossible to know what the figures could have been theories around the figure of the central statue include the winged horse pegasus or the monster chimera 3 however these theories may be unlikely as the proportions of these animals bodies would not match where their feet would be placed in the akroteria s base block see also edit list of ancient greek temples architecture of ancient greece art of ancient greece classical architecture classical sculpture references edit sources edit greek architecture encyclopædia britannica 1968 greece from mycenae to the parthenon henri stierlin taschen 2004 footnotes edit norwich john julius 1988 the world atlas of architecture portland house p 141 isbn 978 0 517 66875 7 1 2 connelly joan breton portrait of a priestess women and ritual in ancient greece princeton university press princeton new jersey 2007 1 2 stewart andrew f 1985 history myth and allegory in the program of the temple of athena nike athens studies in the history of art 16 53 73 issn 0091 7338 jstor 42617835 n james december 2009 the acropolis and its new museum antiquity 83 322 1144 1151 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00099427 s2cid 160355685 duamato lamia 1980 the temple of athena nike monticello ill vance bibliographies hurwit jeffrey 2004 the acropolis in the age of pericles cambridge university press p 183 isbn 0521527406 minollari katarzyna september 11 2016 temple of athena nike on the athenian acropolis smarthistory retrieved 22 july 2026 pemberton elizabeth gummey july 1972 the east and west friezes of the temple of athena nike american journal of archaeology 76 3 303 310 doi 10 2307 503923 issn 0002 9114 jstor 503923 s2cid 155917173 rhodes robin 1995 architecture and meaning on the athenian acropolis cambridge university press p 120 isbn 0521469813 acropolis restoration service archived from the original on 2016 02 10 retrieved 2012 12 09 young yael july 2015 binding loosening or adjusting her sandal on nike from the parapet of the athena nike temple source notes in the history of art 34 4 2 9 doi 10 1086 686280 issn 0737 4453 s2cid 190844675 athena nike temple parapet south slab the sandalbinder the acropolis museum retrieved 2023 10 12 gardner helen 1878 1946 2013 gardner s art through the ages a global history kleiner fred s 14th ed revised and enlarged ed australia isbn 978 0 8400 3078 8 oclc 894921256 cite book cs1 maint location missing publisher link cs1 maint multiple names authors list link cs1 maint numeric names authors list link 1 2 3 gorham stevens 1908 the cornice of the temple of athena nike american journal of archaeology 12 4 398 405 doi 10 2307 497041 jstor 497041 s2cid 192945630 schultz peter the akroteria of the temple of athena nike hesperia the journal of the american school of classical studies at athens 70 no 1 2001 1 47 doi 10 2307 2668486 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to temple of athena nike athens dr j s illustrated temple of athena nike temple of athena nike frieze pictures the temple of athena nike hellenic ministry of culture and tourism temple of athena nike athens temple of athena nike athens archived 2015 04 07 at the wayback machine the temple of athena nike a small shrine dedicated to one of athena s 37 58 17 n 23 43 30 e 37 9715 n 23 7249 e 37 9715 23 7249 v t e acropolis of athens extant structures parthenon erechtheion propylaea temple of athena nike odeon of herodes atticus pedestal of agrippa stoa of eumenes sanctuary of asclepius theatre of dionysus eleuthereus aglaureion choragic monument of thrasyllos beulé gate cave sanctuaries peripatos infrastructure former structures pelasgic wall hekatompedon older parthenon old temple of athena sanctuary of artemis brauronia chalkotheke pandroseion arrephorion altar of athena polias eleusinion sanctuary of pandion sanctuary of zeus polieus odeon of pericles frankish tower choragic monument of nikias klepsydra church of panagia atheniotissa temple of roma and augustus parthenon mosque people themistocles pericle...