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the (327), tengwar (211), and (100), #letter (61), tolkien (56), for (35), with (33), languages (27), quenya (27), sign (27), are (27), edit (26), modes (26), rings (25), middle (23), earth (22), lord (22), mode (21), from (20), english (20), unicode (20), retrieved (19), script (17), other (17), letters (17), used (17), writing (15), digit (15), that (15), this (14), use (14), language (14), one (14), elvish (13), first (13), dts (13), extended (13), stem (13), history (12), tengwa (12), encoding (12), which (12), called (12), may (11), series (11), parma (11), some (11), csur (11), right (11), below (11), signs (11), sindarin (10), conscript (10), registry (10), known (10), vowel (10), bow (10), page (9), was (9), written (9), ring (9), music (9), two (9), curl (9), not (9), ómatehtar (9), consonant (9), wikipedia (8), scripts (8), systems (8), classical (8), font (8), proposal (8), published (8), name (8), mark (8), following (8), left (8), article (8), shapes (8), code (7), iso 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Text of the page (random words):
l dental palatal velar and glottal the velars distinguish between plain and labialized that is articulated with rounded lips or followed by a w sound each point of articulation and the corresponding tengwa series has a name in the classical quenya mode dental sounds are called tincotéma and are represented with the tengwar in column i labial sounds are called parmatéma and represented by the column ii tengwar velar sounds are called calmatéma represented by column iii and labialized velar sounds are called quessetéma represented by the tengwar of column iv palatal sounds are called tyelpetéma and have no tengwa series of their own but are represented by column iii letters with an added diacritic for following j 21 22 similarly shaped letters reflect not only similar places of articulation but also similar manners of articulation in the classical quenya mode row 1 represents voiceless stops row 2 voiced prenasalized stops row 3 voiceless fricatives row 4 voiceless prenasalized stops row 5 nasal stops and row 6 approximants 23 regularly formed edit most letters are constructed by a combination of two basic shapes a vertical stem either long or short and either one or two rounded bows which may or may not be underscored and may be on the left or right of the stem these principal letters are divided into four series témar that correspond to the main places of articulation and into six grades tyeller that correspond to the main manners of articulation both vary among modes each series is headed by the basic signs composed of a vertical stem descending below the line and a single bow these basic signs represent the voiceless stop consonants for that series for the classical quenya mode they are t p k and kʷ and the series are named tincotéma parmatéma calmatéma and quessetéma respectively téma means series in quenya in rows of the general use there are the following correspondences between letter shapes and manners of articulation doubling the bow turns the voiceless consonant into a voiced one raising the stem above the line turns it into the corresponding fricative shortening it so it is only the height of the bow creates the corresponding nasal in most modes the signs with shortened stem and single bow do not correspond to the voiceless nasals but to the approximants in addition to these variations of the tengwar shapes there is yet another variation the use of stems that are extended both above and below the line this shape may correspond to other consonant variations required except for some english abbreviations it is not used in any of the better known tengwar modes but it occurs in a quenya mode where the tengwa parma with extended stem is used for pt and the tengwa calma with extended stem is used for kt 24 the tengwar with raised stems sometimes occur in glyph variants that look like extended stems as seen in the inscription of the one ring 1 an example from the parmatéma the signs with a closed bow on the right side in the general use of the tengwar is the basic sign named parma with descending stem represents p it happens to look much like the latin letter p with the bow doubled umbar it represents b with a raised stem formen it represents f with a raised stem and a doubled bow ampa it represents generally v but possibly mp depending upon the language with a short stem and double bow malta it represents m with short stem and single bow vala it represents w or v if that has the phonological behaviour of a sonorant e g in quenya in languages such as quenya which do not contain any voiced fricatives other than v the raised stem doubled bow row is used for the common nasal stop sequences nt mp nk nqu in such cases the w sign in the previous paragraph is used for v in the mode of beleriand found on the door to moria the bottom tyellë is used for nasals e g vala is used for m and the fifth tyellë for doubled nasals malta for mm 25 irregularly formed edit there are additional letters that do not have regular shapes they may represent e g r l s and h their use varies considerably from mode to mode some aficionados have added more letters not found in tolkien s writings for use in their modes tehtar diacritics edit tehtar diacritics for vowels a tehta quenya marking is a diacritic placed above or below the tengwa they can represent vowels consonant doubling or nasal sound as tolkien explained in appendix e of the lord of the rings the tehtar for vowels resemble latin diacritics circumflex î a acute í e dot i i left curl ı̔ o and right curl ı̓ u long vowels excepting a may be indicated by doubling the signs some languages from which o is absent or in which compared to u it appears sparsely such as the black speech use left curl for u other languages swap the signs for e and i a vowel occurring alone is drawn on the vowel carrier which resembles dotless i ı for a short vowel or dotless j ȷ for a long vowel modes edit three modes of tengwar yellow classical mode pink mode of beleriand grey general mode just as with any alphabetic writing system every specific language written in tengwar requires a specific orthography depending on the phonology of that language these tengwar orthographies are usually called modes some modes follow pronunciation while others follow traditional orthography some modes map the basic consonants to t p k and kʷ classical mode in chart at right while others use them to represent t p tʃ and k general mode at right the other main difference is in the fourth tyellë below where those letters with raised stems and doubled bows can be either voiced fricatives as in sindarin general mode at right or nasalized stops as in quenya classical mode ómatehtar edit in some modes called ómatehtar or vowel tehtar modes the vowels are represented with diacritics called tehtar quenya for signs corresponding singular tehta sign these ómatehtar modes can be considered abugidas rather than true alphabets 26 in some ómatehtar modes the consonant signs feature an inherent vowel ómatehtar modes can vary in that the vowel stroke can be placed either on top of the consonant preceding it as in quenya or on the consonant following as in sindarin english and the notorious black speech inscription on the one ring full writing edit in the full writing modes the consonants and the vowels are represented by tengwar only one such mode is well known it is called the mode of beleriand and one can read it on the doors of durin 27 modes for other languages edit since the publication of the first official description of the tengwar at the end of the lord of the rings others have created modes for other languages such as english spanish german swedish french finnish italian hungarian and welsh modes have also been devised for the constructed languages esperanto and lojban tolkien had used multiple modes for english including full writing and ómatehtar alphabetic modes phonetic full modes and phonetic ómatehtar modes known from documents published after his death encoding schemes edit legacy encoding edit the contemporary de facto standard in the tengwar user community maps the tengwar characters onto the iso 8859 1 character encoding following the example of the tengwar typefaces by dan smith this implies a major flaw if no corresponding tengwar font is installed a string of nonsense characters appears since there are not enough places in iso 8859 1 s 191 codepoints for all the signs used in tengwar orthography certain signs are included in a tengwar a font which also maps its characters on iso 8859 1 overlapping with the first font for each tengwar diacritic there are four different codepoints that are used depending on the width of the character which bears it other tengwar typefaces with this encoding include johan winge s tengwar annatar måns björkman s tengwar parmaitë enrique mombello s tengwar élfica or michal nowakowski s tengwar formal note that these differ in some details the following sample shows the first article of the universal declaration of human rights written in english according to the traditional english orthography first article of the universal declaration of human rights in english written with a spelling based pointed mode of tengwar the first three lines all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights unicode edit michael everson made a proposal to include the tengwar in the unicode standard in 1997 28 the range u 16080 to u 160ff in the smp was tentatively allocated for tengwar in the 2023 unicode roadmap but has since been deleted 29 conscript unicode registry edit unicode character block tengwar range u e000 u e07f 128 code points plane bmp scripts artificial scripts major alphabets tengwar assigned 0 code points unused 128 reserved code points source standards csur note part of the private use area font conflicts possible 30 tengwar are included in the unofficial conscript unicode registry csur which assigns codepoints in the private use area tengwar are mapped to the range u e000 u e07f 31 however the encoding order was never standardized with two competing proposals some typefaces that support one or the other of these proposals are everson mono tengwar telcontar 32 constructium tengwar formal unicode 33 and freemonotengwar 34 james kass s code2000 and code2001 use an older incompatible version of the proposal the eight aux variant fonts of kurinto such as kurinto text aux book aux sans aux also support tengwar 35 tengwar 1 2 conscript unicode registry 36 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u e00x u e01x u e02x u e03x u e04x u e05x u e06x u e07x notes 1 proposals 1993 05 09 1996 09 15 revision 1998 01 10 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points tengwar 1 2 conscript unicode registry 37 2001 draft proposal 38 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u e00x u e01x u e02x u e03x u e04x u e05x u e06x u e07x notes 1 proposal 2001 03 07 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points tengwar letters csur encoding name image csur designation annotation tinco u e000 tengwar letter tinco parma u e001 tengwar letter parma calma u e002 tengwar letter calma quessë u e003 tengwar letter quesse ando u e004 tengwar letter ando umbar u e005 tengwar letter umbar anga u e006 tengwar letter anga ungwë u e007 tengwar letter ungwe súlë thúlë u e008 tengwar letter thuule suule formen u e009 tengwar letter formen harma aha u e00a tengwar letter harma aha hwesta u e00b tengwar letter hwesta anto u e00c tengwar letter anto ampa u e00d tengwar letter ampa anca u e00e tengwar letter anca unquë u e00f tengwar letter unque númen u e010 tengwar letter nuumen malta u e011 tengwar letter malta noldo ñoldo u e012 tengwar letter noldo ngoldo nwalmë ñwalmë u e013 tengwar letter nwalme ngwalme órë u e014 tengwar letter oore vala u e015 tengwar letter vala anna u e016 tengwar letter anna vilya wilya u e017 tengwar letter vilya wilya rómen u e018 tengwar letter roomen arda u e019 tengwar letter arda lambë u e01a tengwar letter lambe alda u e01b tengwar letter alda silmë u e01c tengwar letter silme silmë nuquerna u e01d tengwar letter silme nuquerna essë áre áze u e01e tengwar letter aare aaze esse essë nuquerna áre áze nuquerna u e01f tengwar letter aare nuquerna aaze n esse n hyarmen u e020 tengwar letter hyarmen hwesta sindarinwa u e021 tengwar letter hwesta sindarinwa yanta u e022 tengwar letter yanta úrë u e023 tengwar letter uure halla u e024 tengwar letter halla telco u e025 tengwar letter short carrier ára u e026 tengwar letter long carrier tengwar ligatures and extended letters csur encoding name image csur designation annotation u e027 tengwar letter anna sindarinwa u e028 tengwar letter extended thuule u e029 tengwar letter extended formen u e02a tengwar letter extended harma u e02b tengwar letter extended hwesta u e02c tengwar letter extended anto u e02d tengwar letter extended ampa u e02e tengwar letter extended anca u e02f tengwar letter extended unque u e030 tengwar letter stemless oore digit zero u e031 tengwar letter stemless vala u e032 tengwar letter stemless anna u e033 tengwar letter stemless vilya digit one tengwar accents csur encoding name image csur designation annotation amatixe 3 u e040 tengwar sign three dots above unutixe 3 u e041 tengwar sign three dots below amatixe 2 u e042 tengwar sign two dots above unutixe 2 u e043 tengwar sign two dots below amatixe 1 u e044 tengwar sign amaticse dot above unutixe 1 u e045 tengwar sign nunticse dot below tecco u e046 tengwar sign acute andaith long mark u e047 tengwar sign double acute rempe u e048 tengwar sign right curl u e049 tengwar sign double right curl rempenuquerna u e04a tengwar sign left curl u e04b tengwar sign double left curl amatwe u e04c tengwar sign nasalizer unuatwe u e04d tengwar sign doubler u e04e tengwar sign tilde u e04f tengwar sign breve u e050 tengwar pusta putta stop u e051 tengwar double pusta putta u e052 tengwar exclamation mark u e053 tengwar question mark u e054 tengwar section mark u e055 tengwar long section mark thinnas u e056 tengwar sign long carrier below u e057 tengwar sign double acute below u e058 tengwar sign right curl below u e05a tengwar sign left curl below sarince u e05c tengwar sign left following silme u e05d tengwar sign right following silme tengwar digits csur encoding name image csur designation annotation 0 u e030 tengwar letter stemless oore digit zero 1 u e033 tengwar letter stemless vilya digit one 2 u e062 tengwar digit two 3 u e063 tengwar digit three 4 u e064 tengwar digit four 5 u e065 tengwar digit five 6 u e066 tengwar digit six 7 u e067 tengwar digit seven 8 u e068 tengwar digit eight 9 u e069 tengwar digit nine 10 u e06a tengwar duodecimal digit ten 11 u e06b tengwar duodecimal digit eleven u e06c tengwar decimal base mark u e06d tengwar duodecimal base mark u e06e tengwar duodecimal least significant digit mark in popular culture edit tengwar has been used in tolkien fandom since the publication of the lord of the rings in the 1950s 39 with the exception of john rhys davies the actors playing the fellowship of the ring in the lord of the rings film trilogy have tengwar tattoos of the english word nine 40 footballers such as sergio agüero 41 and fernando torres 42 have tattoos with their first name in tengwar on their forearms see also edit cirth a elbereth gilthoniel elvish languages middle earth namárië references edit 1 2 tengwar tolkien gateway 2 november 2025 retrieved 19 january 2026 tolkien j r r the alphabet of rúmil parma eldalamberon 13 retrieved 3 september 2025 tolkien j r r early qenya and the valmaric script parma eldalamberon 14 retrieved 3 september 2025 allan jim ed an introduction to elvish bran s head books isbn 0 905220 10 2 the hobbit most editions with colour plates the lord of the rings appendix e writing the fëanorian letters the mellonath daeron index of tengwa specimina forodrim org retrieved 3 september 2025 dts 1 dts 13 dts 14 dts 15 dts 22 dts 24 dts 50 51 dts 10 dts 16 dts 17 dts 18 dts 23 facsimiled in the lays of beleriand 299 the war of the jewels appendix d to quen...