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he region however historians have criticized its use of eminent domain and the displacement of over 125 000 tennessee valley residents to build the agency s infrastructure projects 7 8 9 operation edit tva headquarters building in knoxville tennessee in 2025 the tennessee valley authority is a government owned corporation created by u s code title 16 chapter 12a the tennessee valley authority act of 1933 it was initially founded as an agency to provide general economic development to the region through power generation flood control navigation assistance fertilizer manufacturing and agricultural development since the depression years it has developed primarily into a power utility despite its shares being owned by the federal government tva operates like a private corporation and receives no taxpayer funding 10 the tva act authorizes the company to use eminent domain 11 tva provides electricity to approximately ten million people through a diverse portfolio that includes nuclear coal fired natural gas fired hydroelectric and renewable generation tva sells its power to 153 local power utilities 58 direct serve industrial and institutional customers seven federal installations and 12 area utilities 12 in addition to power generation tva provides flood control with its 29 hydroelectric dams resulting lakes and other areas support recreational activities the tva also provides navigation and land management along rivers within its region of operation which is the fifth largest river system in the united states and assists governments and private companies on economic development projects 10 tva s headquarters are located in downtown knoxville with large administrative offices in chattanooga training development supplier relations power generation and transmission and nashville economic development in tennessee and muscle shoals alabama tva s headquarters were housed in the old customs house in knoxville from 1936 until 1976 when the current complex opened the building is now operated as a museum and is listed on the national register of historic places 13 the tennessee valley authority police is the primary law enforcement agency for the company initially part of the tva in 1994 the tva police was authorized as a federal law enforcement agency citation needed board of directors edit the tennessee valley authority is governed by a nine member part time board of directors nominated by the president of the united states and confirmed by the senate 14 a minimum of seven of the directors are required to be residents of tva s service area the members select the chair from their number and serve five year terms a they receive annual stipends of 45 000 50 000 for the chair the board members choose the tva s chief executive officer 15 when their terms expire directors may remain on the board until the end of the current congressional session typically in december or until their successors take office whichever comes first 10 board members edit the current board members as of may 15 2026 update 14 position name state appointed by sworn in term expires chair mitch graves tennessee donald trump january 12 2026 may 18 2029 member jeff hagood tennessee donald trump january 12 2026 may 18 2026 member arthur graham florida donald trump january 12 2026 may 18 2026 member randy jones alabama donald trump january 12 2026 may 18 2028 member bobby klein tennessee joe biden january 4 2023 may 18 2026 member wade white kentucky joe biden january 4 2023 may 18 2027 member vacant may 18 2027 member vacant may 18 2029 member vacant may 18 2030 nominations edit president trump has nominated the following to fill a seat on the board they await senate confirmation 16 name state term expires replacing lee beaman tennessee may 18 2030 joe h ritch arthur graham florida may 18 2031 reappointment power generation edit the twin cooling towers and reactor containment buildings of tva s sequoyah nuclear plant north of chattanooga power stations edit main article list of power stations operated by the tennessee valley authority with a generating capacity of approximately 35 gigawatts gw tva has the sixth highest generation capacity of any utility company in the united states and the third largest nuclear power fleet with seven units at three sites 2 17 it also operates four coal fired power plants 29 hydroelectric dams nine simple cycle natural gas combustion turbine plants nine combined cycle gas plants one pumped storage hydroelectric plant one wind energy site and 14 solar energy sites 18 in fiscal year 2020 nuclear generation made up about 41 of tva s total energy production natural gas 26 coal 14 hydroelectric 13 and wind and solar 3 18 tva purchases about 15 of the power it sells from other power producers which includes power from combined cycle natural gas plants coal plants and wind installations and other renewables 19 the cost of purchased power is part of the fuel cost adjustment fca charge that is separate from the tva rate in addition the watts bar nuclear plant is the only facility in the country to industrially produce tritium which is used by the national nuclear security administration for nuclear weapons where it is used to supercharge and boost the explosive yield of the u s nuclear arsenal 20 electric transmission edit tva owns and operates its own electric grid which consists of approximately 16 200 miles 26 100 km of lines one of the largest grids in the united states the grid is part of the eastern interconnection of the north american power transmission grid and is under the jurisdiction of the serc reliability corporation 21 like most north american utilities tva uses a maximum transmission voltage of 500 kilovolts kv with lines carrying this voltage using bundled conductors with three conductors per phase the vast majority of tva s transmission lines carry 161kv with the company also operating sub transmission lines with voltages of 69kv and 46kv they also operate a small number of 115kv and 230kv lines in alabama and georgia that connect to southern company lines of the same voltage 22 23 recreation edit tva has conveyed approximately 485 420 acres 1 964 4 km 2 of property for recreation and preservation purposes including public parks public access areas and roadside parks wildlife refuges national parks and forests and other camps and recreation areas comprising approximately 759 different sites 24 currently tva manages 293 000 acres 1 190 km 2 of federally owned land for public use these lands are managed as either tva natural areas or tva day use recreation areas natural areas are smaller ecologically or historically significant areas set aside for conservation with some areas including hiking and walking trails day use recreation areas comprise about 80 different locations throughout the tennessee valley largely concentrated on or near tva reservoirs that include water access points campgrounds hiking trails fishing piers and equestrian facilities 25 26 economic development edit tva operates an economic development organization that works with companies and economic development agencies throughout the tennessee valley to create jobs via private investments they also work with businesses to help them choose locations for facilities and expand existing facilities services provided include assistance with site selection employee recruitment and training and research 27 a total of seven sites throughout the valley are certified by tva as megasites which contain a minimum of 1 000 acres 4 0 km 2 and have access to an interstate highway and the potential for rail service and environmental impact study and contain or have the potential to contain direct serve industrial customers 28 although knoxville tva employees credit union was not directly affiliated with the tennessee valley authority it was established in 1934 as one of the authority s earliest economic efforts citation needed history edit background edit in the late 19th century the army corps of engineers first recognized several potential dam sites along the tennessee river for electricity generation and navigation improvements 29 the national defense act of 1916 signed into law by president woodrow wilson authorized construction of a hydroelectric dam on the tennessee river in muscle shoals alabama for the purpose of producing nitrates for ammunition that dam was completed in 1924 during the 1920s and the 1930s americans began to support the idea of public ownership of utilities particularly hydroelectric power facilities many believed privately owned power companies were charging too much for power did not employ fair operating practices and were subject to abuse by their owners utility holding companies at the expense of consumers citation needed the concept of government owned generation facilities selling to publicly owned distribution utilities was controversial and remains so today 30 the private sector practice of forming utility holding companies resulted in them controlling 94 of generation by 1921 and they were essentially unregulated in an effort to change this congress and roosevelt enacted the public utility holding company act of 1935 puhca 31 during his 1932 presidential campaign franklin d roosevelt expressed his belief that private utilities had selfish purposes and said never shall the federal government part with its sovereignty or with its control of its power resources while i m president of the united states u s senator george w norris of nebraska also distrusted private utility companies and in 1920 blocked a proposal from industrialist henry ford to build a private dam and create a utility to modernize the tennessee valley 32 in 1930 norris sponsored the muscle shoals bill which would have built a federal dam in the valley but it was vetoed by president herbert hoover who believed it to be socialistic 33 the idea behind the muscle shoals project became a core part of president roosevelt s new deal program that created the tennessee valley authority 34 even by depression standards the tennessee valley was in dire economic straits in 1933 30 of the population was affected by malaria the average income in the rural areas was 639 per year equivalent to 12 260 in 2024 35 with some families surviving on as little as 100 per year equivalent to 1 919 in 2024 35 much of the land had been exhausted by poor farming practices and the soil was eroded and depleted crop yields had fallen reducing farm incomes the best timber had been cut and 10 of forests were lost to fires each year 30 founding and early history edit president franklin d roosevelt signing the tva act tva poster at the franklin d roosevelt presidential library and museum president franklin d roosevelt signed the tennessee valley authority act ch 32 pub l 73 17 48 stat 58 enacted may 18 1933 codified as amended at 16 u s c 831 et seq creating the tva the agency was initially tasked with modernizing the region using experts and electricity to combat human and economic problems 36 tva developed fertilizers and taught farmers ways to improve crop yields 37 in addition it helped replant forests control forest fires and improve habitats for fish and wildlife the authority hired many of the area s unemployed for a variety of jobs they conducted conservation economic development and social programs for instance a library service was instituted for this area the professional staff at headquarters were generally composed of experts from outside the region by 1934 tva employed more than 9 000 people 38 the workers were classified by the usual racial and gender lines of the region which limited opportunities for minorities and women tva hired few african americans generally restricted for janitorial or other low level positions tva recognized labor unions its skilled and semi skilled blue collar employees were unionized a breakthrough in an area known for corporations hostile to miners and textile workers unions women were excluded from construction work with the goal of providing further economic relief to tva employees knoxville tva employees credit union was formed in 1934 knoxville tva employees credit union established a place for tva employees to store their money when the great depression shuttered many traditional banks tva s first board l to r harcourt morgan arthur e morgan and david e lilienthal many local landowners were suspicious of government agencies but tva successfully introduced new agricultural methods into traditional farming communities by blending in and finding local champions tennessee farmers often rejected advice from tva officials so the officials had to find leaders in the communities and convince them that crop rotation and the judicious application of fertilizers could restore soil fertility 39 once they had convinced the leaders the rest followed 37 workers at the site of norris dam the first hydroelectric dam built by the tva c 1933 tva immediately embarked on the construction of several hydroelectric dams with the first norris dam in upper east tennessee breaking ground on october 1 1933 these facilities designed with the intent of also controlling floods greatly improved the lives of farmers and rural residents making their lives easier and farms in the tennessee valley more productive they also provided new employment opportunities to the poverty stricken regions in the valley at the same time however they required the displacement of more than 125 000 valley residents or roughly 15 000 families 7 as well as some cemeteries and small towns which caused some to oppose the projects especially in rural areas 8 40 the projects also inundated several native american archaeological sites and graves were reinterred at new locations along with new tombstones 41 42 the available electricity attracted new industries to the region including textile mills providing desperately needed jobs many of which were filled by women 4 43 a few regions of the tennessee valley did not receive electricity until the late 1940s and early 1950s however tva was one of the first federal hydropower agencies and was quickly hailed as a success while most of the nation s major hydropower systems are federally managed today other attempts to create similar regional corporate agencies have failed the most notable was the proposed columbia valley authority for the columbia river in the pacific northwest which was modeled on the tva but did not gain approval 44 world war ii edit a carpenter wearing a contractor s employee badge at work during the 1942 construction of douglas dam in east tennessee to provide electricity for essential industries during world war ii tva engaged in one of the largest hydropower construction programs ever undertaken in the u s this was especially important for the energy intensive aluminum industry which was used in airplanes and munitions 45 by early 1942 when the effort reached its peak 12 hydroelectric plants and one coal fired steam plant were under construction at the sa...