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uld be denied suffrage 126 leading federalists in mexico including former governor viesca lorenzo de zavala and josé antonio mexía were advocating a plan to attack centralist troops in matamoros 127 council members were taken with the idea of a matamoros expedition they hoped it would inspire other federalist states to revolt and keep the bored texian troops from deserting the army most importantly it would move the war zone outside texas 128 the council officially approved the plan on december 25 and on december 30 johnson and his aide dr james grant took the bulk of the army and almost all of the supplies to goliad to prepare for the expedition 108 historian stuart reid posits that grant was secretly in the employ of the british government and that his plan to capture matamoros and thus tie texas more tightly to mexico may have been an unofficial plan of his to advance the interests of his employers in the region 129 h petty bickering between smith and the council members increased dramatically and on january 9 1836 smith threatened to dismiss the council unless they agreed to revoke their approval of the matamoros expedition 130 131 two days later the council voted to impeach smith and named james w robinson the acting governor 132 it was unclear whether either side actually had the authority to dismiss the other 133 by this point texas was essentially in anarchy 134 under orders from smith houston successfully dissuaded all but 70 men from continuing to follow johnson 135 with his own authority in question following smith s impeachment houston washed his hands of the army and journeyed to nacogdoches to negotiate a treaty with cherokee leaders houston vowed that texas would recognize cherokee claims to land in east texas as long as the indians refrained from attacking settlements or assisting the mexican army 136 in his absence fannin as the highest ranking officer active in the regular army led the men who did not want to go to matamoros to goliad 137 the council had neglected to provide specific instructions on how to structure the february vote for convention delegates leaving it up to each municipality to determine how to balance the desires of the established residents against those of the volunteers newly arrived from the united states 138 chaos ensued in nacogdoches the election judge turned back a company of 40 volunteers from kentucky who had arrived that week the soldiers drew their weapons colonel sidney sherman announced that he had come to texas to fight for it and had as soon commence in the town of nacogdoches as elsewhere 139 eventually the troops were allowed to vote 139 with rumors that santa anna was preparing a large army to advance into texas rhetoric degenerated into framing the conflict as a race war between anglos defending their property against in the words of david g burnet a mongrel race of degenerate spaniards and indians more depraved than they 140 mexican army of operations edit antonio lópez de santa anna news of the armed uprising at gonzales reached santa anna on october 23 52 aside from the ruling elite and members of the army few in mexico knew or cared about the revolt those with knowledge of the events blamed the anglos for their unwillingness to conform to the laws and culture of their new country anglo immigrants had forced a war on mexico and mexican honor insisted that the usurpers be defeated 141 santa anna transferred his presidential duties to miguel barragán in order to personally lead troops to put an end to the texian revolt santa anna and his soldiers believed that the texians would be quickly cowed 142 the mexican secretary of war josé maría tornel wrote the superiority of the mexican soldier over the mountaineers of kentucky and the hunters of missouri is well known veterans seasoned by 20 years of wars can t be intimidated by the presence of an army ignorant of the art of war incapable of discipline and renowned for insubordination 142 at this time there were only 2 500 soldiers in the mexican interior this was not enough to crush a rebellion and provide security from attacks by both indians and federalists throughout the rest of the country 143 according to author will fowler santa anna financed the texas expedition with three loans one from the city of san luis potosí and the other two loans from individuals cayetano rubio and juan n errazo santa anna had guaranteed at least a portion of the repayments with his own financial holdings 144 he began to assemble a new army which he dubbed the army of operations in texas a majority of the troops had been conscripted or were convicts who chose service in the military over jail 145 the mexican officers knew that the brown bess muskets they carried lacked the range of the texian weapons but santa anna was convinced that his superior planning would nonetheless result in an easy victory corruption was rampant and supplies were not plentiful almost from the beginning rations were short and there were no medical supplies or doctors few troops were issued heavy coats or blankets for the winter 146 in late december at santa anna s behest the mexican congress passed the tornel decree declaring that any foreigners fighting against mexican troops will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such being citizens of no nation presently at war with the republic and fighting under no recognized flag 147 in the early nineteenth century captured pirates were executed immediately the resolution thus gave the mexican army permission to take no prisoners in the war against the texians 147 this information was not widely distributed and it is unlikely that most of the american recruits serving in the texian army were aware that there would be no prisoners of war 148 by december 1835 6 019 soldiers had begun their march towards texas 149 progress was slow there were not enough mules to transport all of the supplies and many of the teamsters all civilians quit when their pay was delayed the large number of soldaderas women and children who followed the army reduced the already scarce supplies 150 in saltillo cos and his men from béxar joined santa anna s forces 151 santa anna regarded cos s promise not to take up arms in texas as meaningless because it had been given to rebels 152 from saltillo the army had three choices advance along the coast on the atascocita road from matamoros to goliad or march on béxar from the south along the laredo road or from the west along the camino real 153 santa anna ordered general josé de urrea to lead 550 troops to goliad 152 154 although several of santa anna s officers argued that the entire army should advance along the coast where supplies could be gained via sea 149 santa anna instead focused on béxar the political center of texas and the site of cos s defeat 149 his brother in law s surrender was seen as a blow to the honor of his family and to mexico santa anna was determined to restore both 149 santa anna may also have thought béxar would be easier to defeat as his spies had informed him that most of the texian army was along the coast preparing for the matamoros expedition 155 santa anna led the bulk of his men up the camino real to approach béxar from the west confounding the texians who had expected any advancing troops to approach from the south 156 on february 17 they crossed the nueces river officially entering texas 155 temperatures reached record lows and by february 13 an estimated 15 16 inches 38 41 cm of snow had fallen a large number of the new recruits were from the tropical climate of the yucatán and had been unable to acclimate to the harsh winter conditions some of them died of hypothermia 157 and others contracted dysentery soldiers who fell behind were sometimes killed by comanche raiding parties 158 nevertheless the army continued to march towards béxar as they progressed settlers in their path in south texas evacuated northward the mexican army ransacked and occasionally burned the vacant homes 159 santa anna and his commanders received timely intelligence on texian troop locations strengths and plans from a network of tejano spies organized by de la garza 160 santa anna s offensive february march 1836 edit alamo edit main article battle of the alamo the alamo mission painted 10 years after the battle fewer than 100 texian soldiers remained at the alamo mission in béxar under the command of colonel james c neill 108 unable to spare the number of men necessary to mount a successful defense of the sprawling facility 161 in january houston sent bowie with 30 men to remove the artillery and destroy the complex 162 i in a letter to governor smith bowie argued that the salvation of texas depends in great measure on keeping béxar out of the hands of the enemy it serves as the frontier picquet guard and if it were in the possession of santa anna there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march towards the sabine 162 j the letter to smith ended colonel neill and myself have come to the solemn resolution that we will rather die in these ditches than give it up to the enemy 162 few reinforcements were authorized cavalry officer william b travis arrived in béxar with 30 men on february 3 and five days later a small group of volunteers arrived including the famous frontiersman davy crockett 163 on february 11 neill left to recruit additional reinforcements and gather supplies 164 in his absence travis and bowie shared command 152 when scouts brought word on february 23 that the mexican advance guard was in sight the unprepared texians gathered what food they could find in town and fell back to the alamo 154 by late afternoon béxar was occupied by about 1 500 mexican troops who quickly raised a blood red flag signifying no quarter 165 for the next 13 days the mexican army besieged the alamo several small skirmishes gave the defenders much needed optimism but had little real impact 166 167 bowie fell ill on february 24 leaving travis in sole command of the texian forces 168 the same day travis sent messengers with a letter to the people of texas all americans in the world begging for reinforcements and vowing victory or death this letter was reprinted throughout the united states and much of europe 166 texian and american volunteers began to gather in gonzales waiting for fannin to arrive and lead them to reinforce the alamo 169 after days of indecision on february 26 fannin prepared to march his 300 troops to the alamo they turned back the next day 170 fewer than 100 texian reinforcements reached the fort 171 in march 1 1836 mexican president miguel barragán died in the midst of the war from typhus while attending to matters related to the conflict with the rebel colonists this event severely weakened the mexican government which the texans took advantage of to recover and finally defeat general santa anna s forces which were already nearly defeated approximately 1 000 mexican reinforcements arrived on march 3 172 the following day a local woman likely bowie s relative juana navarro alsbury was rebuffed by santa anna when she attempted to negotiate a surrender for the alamo defenders 173 this visit increased santa anna s impatience and he scheduled an assault for early on march 6 174 many of his officers were against the plan they preferred to wait until the artillery had further damaged the alamo s walls and the defenders were forced to surrender 175 santa anna was convinced that a decisive victory would improve morale and sound a strong message to those still agitating in the interior and elsewhere in texas 176 the fall of the alamo depicts davy crockett swinging his rifle at mexican troops who have breached the south gate of the mission in the early hours of march 6 the mexican army attacked the fort 177 troops from béxar were excused from the front lines so that they would not be forced to fight their families and friends 174 in the initial moments of the assault the mexican troops were at a disadvantage although their column formation allowed only the front rows of soldiers to fire safely inexperienced recruits in the back also discharged their weapons many mexican soldiers were unintentionally killed by their own comrades 178 as mexican soldiers swarmed over the walls at least 80 texians fled the alamo and were cut down by mexican cavalry 179 within an hour almost all of the texian defenders estimated at 182 257 men were killed k between four and seven texians possibly including crockett surrendered although general manuel fernández castrillón attempted to intercede on their behalf santa anna insisted that the prisoners be executed immediately 180 most alamo historians agree that 400 600 mexicans were killed or wounded 181 182 this would represent about one third of the mexican soldiers involved in the final assault which historian timothy todish remarks is a tremendous casualty rate by any standards 181 the battle was militarily insignificant but had an enormous political impact travis had succeeded in buying time for the convention of 1836 scheduled for march 1 to meet if santa anna had not paused in béxar for two weeks he would have reached san felipe by march 2 and very likely would have captured the delegates or caused them to flee 183 the survivors primarily women and children were questioned by santa anna and then released 181 susanna dickinson was sent with travis s slave joe to gonzales where she lived to spread the news of the texian defeat santa anna assumed that knowledge of the disparity in troop numbers and the fate of the texian soldiers at the alamo would quell the resistance 184 and that texian soldiers would quickly leave the territory 185 goliad campaign edit main article goliad campaign urrea reached matamoros on january 31 a committed federalist himself he soon convinced other federalists in the area that the texians ultimate goal was secession and their attempt to spark a federalist revolt in matamoros was just a method of diverting attention from themselves 186 mexican double agents continued to assure johnson and grant that they would be able to take matamoros easily 187 while johnson waited in san patricio with a small group of men grant and between 26 and 53 others roamed the area between the nueces river and matamoros 188 although they were ostensibly searching for more horses it is likely grant was also attempting to contact his sources in matamoros to further coordinate an attack 189 just after midnight on february 27 urrea s men surprised johnson s forces six texians including johnson escaped the remainder were captured or killed 190 after learning of grant s whereabouts from local spies mexican dragoons ambushed the texians at agua dulce creek on march 2 191 twelve texians were killed including grant four were captured and six escaped 192 although urrea s orders were to execute those captured he instead sent them to matamoros as prisoners 193 presidio la bahía also known as fort defiance in goliad on march 11 fannin sent captain amon b king t...