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rvices for their respected adherents yet no form of civil marriage free of religion exists nor marriage by non recognized minority religions according to merriam webster s dictionary there are two meanings for the word theocracy 1 government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided and 2 a state governed by a theocracy current theocracies edit christian theocracies edit further information christian state and theonomy holy see edit main article holy see following the capture of rome on 20 september 1870 the papal states including rome with the vatican were annexed by the kingdom of italy in 1929 through the lateran treaty signed with the italian government the new state of vatican city was formally created and recognised as an independent state from fascist italy 10 the head of state of the vatican is the pope elected by the college of cardinals an assembly of high ranking clergy 10 the pope is elected for life and either dies in office or in extremely rare situations may resign cardinals themselves are appointed by popes who thereby choose the electors of their successors the pope also appoints the bishop of urgell who rules the european microstate of andorra as a constitutional co prince alongside the president of france 11 voting since 1970 has been limited to cardinals under 80 years of age 10 a secretary for relations with states directly responsible for international relations is appointed by the pope the vatican legal system is rooted in canon law the bishop of rome as supreme pontiff has the fullness of legislative executive and judicial powers 12 although the laws of vatican city come from the secular laws of italy under article 3 of the law of the sources of the law a provision is made for the application of the laws promulgated by the kingdom of italy 13 mount athos edit main article monastic community of mount athos mount athos is a mountain peninsula in greece which is an eastern orthodox autonomous area consisting of 20 monasteries under the direct jurisdiction of the primate of constantinople there have been almost 1 800 years of a continuous christian presence on mount athos and it has a long history of monasteries which dates back to at least 800 ad the origin of self rule at mount athos can be traced back to a royal edict issued by the byzantine emperor john tzimisces in 972 and reaffirmed by emperor alexios i komnenos in 1095 greece wrestled control of the area from the ottoman empire during the first balkan war in 1912 however it was formally recognized as part of greece only after a diplomatic dispute with the russian empire was no longer an obstacle after the latter s collapse during world war i 14 mount athos is specifically exempt from the free movement of people and goods required by greece s membership of the european union 15 and entrance is allowed only with express permission from the monks the number of daily visitors to mount athos is restricted with all visitors required to obtain an entrance permit only men are permitted to visit and eastern orthodox christians take precedence in the issuing of permits residents of mount athos must be men aged 18 and over who are members of the eastern orthodox church and also either monks or workers 16 athos is governed jointly by a community consisting of members of the 20 monasteries and a civil administrator appointed by the greek ministry of foreign affairs the monastic community is led by the protos united kingdom the isle of man edit the united kingdom maintains a measure of partial ecclesiocracy via the lords spiritual 26 senior bishops of the church of england who sit ex officio in the house of lords the upper house of the british parliament 17 similarly in the isle of man a crown dependency the bishop of sodor and man sits ex officio in the legislative council the upper house of the manx tynwald legislation to remove the bishop s seat was passed in 2026 and will have no bishops in its legislature once the current bishop retires 18 islamic theocracies edit see also islamic state an islamic republic is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by islamic laws including the islamic republics of iran pakistan and mauritania pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956 mauritania adopted it on 28 november 1958 iran adopted it after the 1979 iranian revolution that overthrew the pahlavi dynasty the term islamic republic has come to mean several different things at times contradictory to some muslim religious leaders in the middle east and africa who advocate it an islamic republic is a state under a particular islamic form of government they see it as a compromise between a purely islamic caliphate and secular nationalism and republicanism in their conception of the islamic republic the penal code of the state is required to be compatible with some or all laws of sharia and the state does not necessarily have to be a monarchy as many middle eastern states presently are 19 afghanistan edit afghanistan was an islamic theocracy when the taliban first ruled it from 1996 to 2001 and again since their reinstatement of the islamic emirate of afghanistan in 2021 spreading from kandahar the taliban eventually captured kabul in 1996 by the end of 2000 the taliban controlled 90 of the country aside from the opposition northern alliance strongholds which were primarily found in the northeast corner of badakhshan province areas under the taliban s direct control were mainly afghanistan s major cities and highways tribal khans and warlords had de facto direct control over various small towns villages and rural areas 20 the taliban sought to establish law and order and to impose a strict interpretation of islamic sharia along with the religious edicts of mullah mohammed omar upon the entire country of afghanistan 21 during the five year history of the islamic emirate the taliban regime interpreted the sharia in accordance with the hanafi school of islamic jurisprudence and the religious edicts of mullah omar 21 the taliban forbade pork and alcohol many types of consumer technology such as music 21 television 21 and film 21 as well as most forms of art such as paintings or photography 21 male and female participation in sport 21 including football and chess 21 recreational activities such as kite flying and keeping pigeons or other pets were also forbidden and the birds were killed according to the taliban s ruling 21 movie theaters were closed and repurposed as mosques 21 celebration of the western and iranian new year was forbidden 21 taking photographs and displaying pictures or portraits was forbidden as it was considered by the taliban as a form of idolatry 21 women were banned from working 21 girls were forbidden to attend schools or universities 21 were requested to observe purdah and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives those who violated these restrictions were punished 21 men were forbidden to shave their beards and required to let them grow and keep them long according to the taliban s liking and to wear turbans outside their households 21 22 communists were systematically executed prayer was made compulsory and those who did not respect the religious obligation after the azaan were arrested 21 gambling was banned 21 thieves were punished by amputating their hands or feet 21 in 2000 the taliban leader mullah omar officially banned opium cultivation and drug trafficking in afghanistan 21 23 24 the taliban succeeded in nearly eradicating opium production 99 by 2001 23 24 25 under the taliban governance of afghanistan both drug users and dealers were severely prosecuted 21 cabinet ministers and deputies were mullahs with a madrasah education several of them such as the minister of health and governor of the state bank were primarily military commanders who were ready to leave their administrative posts to fight when needed military reverses that trapped them behind lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the national administration 26 at the national level all senior tajik uzbek and hazara bureaucrats were replaced with pashtuns whether qualified or not consequently the ministries by and large ceased to function 27 journalist ahmed rashid described the taliban government as a secret society run by kandaharis mysterious secretive and dictatorial 28 they did not hold elections as their spokesman explained the sharia does not allow politics or political parties that is why we give no salaries to officials or soldiers just food clothes shoes and weapons we want to live a life like the prophet lived 1400 years ago and jihad is our right we want to recreate the time of the prophet and we are only carrying out what the afghan people have wanted for the past 14 years 29 they modeled their decision making process on the pashtun tribal council jirga together with what they believed to be the early islamic model discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the believers 30 before capturing kabul there was talk of stepping aside once a government of good muslims took power and law and order were restored as the taliban s power grew decisions were made by mullah omar without consulting the jirga and without consulting other parts of the country one such instance is the rejection of loya jirga decision about expulsion of osama bin laden mullah omar visited the capital kabul only twice while in power instead of an election their leader s legitimacy came from an oath of allegiance bay ah in imitation of the islamic prophet muhammad and the first four caliphs on 4 april 1996 mullah omar had the cloak of muhammad taken from its shrine kirka sharif for the first time in 60 years wrapping himself in the relic he appeared on the roof of a building in the center of kandahar while hundreds of pashtun mullahs below shouted amir al mu minin commander of the faithful in a pledge of support taliban spokesman mullah wakil explained decisions are based on the advice of the amir ul momineen for us consultation is not necessary we believe that this is in line with the sharia we abide by the amir s view even if he alone takes this view there will not be a head of state instead there will be an amir al mu minin mullah omar will be the highest authority and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree general elections are incompatible with sharia and therefore we reject them 31 the taliban were reluctant to share power and since their ranks were overwhelmingly pashtun they ruled as overlords over the 60 of afghans from other ethnic groups in local government such as the kabul city council 28 or herat 32 taliban loyalists not locals dominated even when the pashto speaking taliban could not communicate with roughly half of the population who spoke dari or other non pashtun tongues 32 critics complained that this lack of local representation in urban administration made the taliban appear as an occupying force after the collapse of the government following the fall of kabul in august 2021 the taliban returned to power and reestablished an authoritarian theocracy they declared the restoration of the second islamic emirate of afghanistan with their governance rooted in their strict interpretation of sharia law 27 iran edit supreme leader ali khamenei propaganda poster iran has been described as a theocratic republic by various sources 33 34 35 including the cia world factbook 36 its constitution has been described as a hybrid of theocratic and democratic elements by francis fukuyama 37 like other islamic states it maintains religious laws and has religious courts to interpret all aspects of law according to iran s constitution all civil penal financial economic administrative cultural military political and other laws and regulations must be based on islamic criteria 38 in addition iran has a religious ruler and many religious officials in powerful governmental positions the head of state or supreme leader is a faqih scholar of islamic law 39 and has more power than the president of iran iran s current supreme leader is mojtaba khamenei a role he has held since 2026 the leader appoints the heads of many powerful governmental positions the commanders of the armed forces the director of the national radio and television network the heads of powerful major religious and economic foundations the chief justice of iran the attorney general indirectly through the chief justice special tribunals and members of the supreme national security council who are dealing with defense and foreign affairs he also co appoints the 12 jurists of the guardian council 40 the leader is elected by the assembly of experts 36 41 which is made up of mujtahids 42 who are islamic scholars competent in interpreting sharia the guardian council has the power to reject bills passed by the parliament it can also approve or reject candidates who want to run for the presidency parliament and the assembly of experts the council supervises elections and can allow or ban investigations into elections 36 six of the twelve council members are faqih and have the power to approve or reject all bills passed by the parliament whether the faqih believes that the bill is in accordance with islamic laws and customs sharia or not the other six members are lawyers appointed by the chief justice who is a cleric and appointed by the leader 43 saudi arabia edit in the basic law of saudi arabia saudi arabia defines itself as a sovereign arab islamic state with islam as its official religion however some critiques describe saudi arabia as an islamic theocracy religious minorities do not have the right to practice their religion openly conversion from islam to another religion is punishable by death as apostasy 44 muhammad al atawneh describes the current saudi regime as a theo monarchy that draws power from long standing religio cultural norms 45 yemen houthi controlled territories edit yemen has operated as a divided state since the houthi movement officially ansar allah seized the capital sanaa in 2014 expelling the internationally recognized government the houthis draw on the zaydi imamate political theory which holds that governance must be theocratic and led by a descendant of muhammad though rooted in zaydi shia islam a sect distinct from iran s twelver tradition the movement has adopted increasingly iranian style revolutionary politics including compulsory shia holiday observances and systematically rewritten school curricula the houthi controlled territory is a theocratic police state characterized by repression militarization and religious indoctrination 46 mauritania edit mauritania s constitution defines the country as an islamic republic designates islam as the sole religion of its citizenry and the state and bases its legal system on a combination of french civil law and sharia it classifies apostasy as a capital offense convicted apostates are given three d...