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thinking machines corporation wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 supercomputer products 2 business history 3 dispersal 4 references in popular culture 5 see also 6 references 7 external links toggle the table of contents thinking machines corporation 12 languages العربية deutsch ελληνικά français bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 bahasa melayu русский اردو 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia american supercomputer and ai firm 1983 1994 this article is about the 1983 supercomputer manufacturer for the 2025 artificial intelligence company see thinking machines lab for other uses see thinking machines disambiguation 1 type private founded may 1983 43 years ago 1983 05 waltham massachusetts u s founder sheryl handler danny hillis defunct 1994 32 years ago 1994 successor sun microsystems ibm ab initio software headquarters cambridge massachusetts u s products connection machine supercomputers datavault storage number of employees c 1 000 thinking machines corporation tmc was a supercomputer manufacturer and artificial intelligence ai company 1 founded in waltham massachusetts in 1983 by sheryl handler and w daniel danny hillis to turn hillis s doctoral work at the massachusetts institute of technology mit on massively parallel computing architectures into a commercial product named the connection machine the company moved in 1984 from waltham to kendall square in cambridge massachusetts close to the mit ai lab thinking machines made some of the most powerful supercomputers of the time and by 1993 the four fastest computers in the world were connection machines 2 the firm filed for bankruptcy in 1994 its hardware and parallel computing software divisions were acquired in time by sun microsystems supercomputer products edit on the hardware side thinking machines produced several connection machine models in chronological order the cm 1 cm 2 cm 200 cm 5 and cm 5e the cm 1 and 2 came first in models with 64k 65 536 bit serial processors 16 processors per chip and later the smaller 16k and 4k configurations the connection machine was programmed in a variety of specialized programming languages including lisp and cm lisp derived from common lisp c derived by thinking machines from c and cm fortran these languages used proprietary compilers to translate code into the parallel instruction set of the connection machine the cm 1 through cm 200 were examples of single instruction multiple data simd architecture using a hypercube interconnect to reduce hop count and latency while the later cm 5 and cm 5e were multiple instruction multiple data mimd that combined commodity sparc processors and proprietary vector processors in a fat tree computer network all connection machine models required a serial front end processor which was most often a sun microsystems workstation but on early models could also be a digital equipment corporation dec vax minicomputer or symbolics lisp machine thinking machines also introduced an early commercial redundant array of independent disks raid 2 disk array the datavault circa 1988 3 thinking machines computers thinking machines cm 1 at computer history museum see also a detailed photo thinking machines cm 2 at the computer history museum in mountain view one of the face plates is partly removed to show the circuit boards inside thinking machines cm 5 frostburg at the national cryptologic museum thinking machines cm 200 at the bolo computer museum at the école polytechnique fédérale de lausanne epfl lausanne cm 2 at mimms museum of technology and art cm 2 at the museum of modern art moma nyc cm 5 at the national cryptologic museum single cube of cm200 on the full configuration it consists of 8 cubes business history edit in may 1985 thinking machines became the third company to register a com domain name think com the company became profitable in 1989 in part because of its contracts from the defense advanced research projects agency darpa 4 the next year it sold us 65 million worth of hardware and software making it the market leader in parallel supercomputers thinking machines primary supercomputer competitor was cray research other parallel computing competitors included ncube nearby kendall square research and maspar which made a computer similar to the cm 2 and meiko scientific whose cs 2 was similar to the cm 5 in 1991 darpa and the united states department of energy reduced their purchases amid criticism they were unfairly favoring thinking machines at the expense of cray ncube and maspar tightening export laws also prevented the most powerful connection machines from being exported by 1992 the company was losing money and ceo sheryl handler was forced out in august 1994 thinking machines filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy the hardware portion of the company was purchased by sun microsystems and tmc re emerged as a small software company specializing in parallel software tools for commodity clusters and data mining software for its installed base and former competitors parallel supercomputers in december 1996 the parallel software development section was also acquired by sun microsystems thinking machines continued as a pure data mining company until it was acquired in 1999 by oracle corporation oracle later acquired sun microsystems thus re uniting much of thinking machines intellectual property the program wide area information server wais developed at thinking machines by brewster kahle would later be influential in starting the internet archive and associated projects including the rosetta project as part of danny hillis clock of the long now architect greg papadopoulos later became sun microsystems s chief technology officer cto dispersal edit many of the hardware people left for sun microsystems and went on to design the sun enterprise series of parallel computers the darwin data mining toolkit developed by thinking machines business supercomputer group was purchased by oracle most of the team that built darwin had already left for dun bradstreet soon after thinking machines corporation entered bankruptcy in 1994 thinking machines alumni known as thunkos helped create several parallel computing software start ups including ab initio software and applied parallel technologies which was later renamed torrent systems and acquired by ascential software which was in turn acquired by ibm besides hillis other noted people who worked for or with the company included robert millstein greg papadopoulos david waltz guy l steele jr karl sims brewster kahle bradley kuszmaul carl feynman cliff lasser marvin denicoff alex vasilevsky allan torres richard fishman mirza mehdi alan harshman richard jordan alan mercer james bailey tsutomu shimomura among the early corporate fellows of thinking machines were marvin minsky douglas lenat stephen wolfram tomaso poggio richard feynman and jack schwartz later joined by charles e leiserson alan edelman eric lander and lennart johnsson darpa s connection machines were decommissioned by 1996 5 references in popular culture edit in the 1993 film jurassic park connection machines non functioning dummies are visible in the park s control room programmer dennis nedry mentions eight connection machines 6 and a video about dinosaur cloning mentions thinking machines supercomputers in the 1996 film mission impossible luther stickell asks franz krieger for thinking machine laptops to help hack into the cia s langley supercomputer tom clancy s novel rainbow six speaks of the nsa s star machine from a company gone bankrupt the super connector from thinking machines inc of cambridge massachusetts in the nsa s basement in addition in the bear and the dragon says the national security agency could crack nearly any book or cipher with one of three custom operating systems designed for a thinking machines supercomputer see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to thinking machines frostburg cm 5 used by the national security agency goodyear mpp icl distributed array processor maspar parsytec suprenum references edit thinking machines technology review november 1 2006 archived from the original on april 16 2019 retrieved november 30 2017 sublist generator top500 org top500 supercomputer sites archived from the original on 2018 12 07 retrieved 2019 01 03 us 4 899 342 method and apparatus for operating multi unit array of memories markoff john 29 november 1989 u s awards computer contract new york times archived from the original on 15 february 2021 retrieved 13 february 2017 scd supercomputers past and present grouped by vendor computational information systems lab cisl supercomputer gallery national center for atmospheric research archived from the original on 2011 07 18 retrieved 2006 01 26 movie quotes database archived from the original on 2025 09 11 retrieved 2025 09 13 external links edit the rise and fall of thinking machines inc magazine september 1995 richard feynman and the connection machine by w daniel hillis thinking machines by alex papadimoulis in the daily wtf s tales from the interview thinking machines to file for bankruptcy john markoff the new york times august 16 1994 authority control databases international isni viaf national united states israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title thinking_machines_corporation oldid 1372318692 categories thinking machines corporation 1983 establishments in massachusetts 1994 disestablishments in massachusetts american companies established in 1983 american companies disestablished in 1994 companies based in cambridge massachusetts computer companies established in 1983 computer companies disestablished in 1994 defunct computer companies based in massachusetts defunct computer companies of the united states defunct computer hardware companies defunct computer systems companies defunct software companies of the united states lisp programming language software companies massively parallel computers oracle acquisitions parallel computing simd computing software companies established in 1983 software companies disestablished in 1994 supercomputers technology companies established in 1983 technology companies disestablished in 1994 hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages using gallery without a media namespace prefix commons category link from wikidata this page was last edited on 31 august 2026 at 06 49 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents thinking machines corporation 12 languages add topic