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t export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia tzo redirects here for the language with iso 639 code tzo see tzotzil language hypothetical hybrid star type a thorne żytkow object tżo or tzo is a conjectured type of hybrid star wherein a red giant or red supergiant contains a neutron star at its core formed from the collision of the giant with the neutron star such objects were hypothesized by kip thorne and anna żytkow in 1977 1 in 2014 it was discovered that the star hv 2112 located in the small magellanic cloud smc was a strong candidate 2 3 though this view has since been refuted 4 another possible candidate is the star hv 11417 also located in the smc 4 formation edit a thorne żytkow object would be formed when a neutron star collides with another star often a red giant or supergiant the colliding objects can simply be wandering stars though this is only likely to occur in extremely crowded globular clusters alternatively the neutron star could form in a binary system when one of the two stars goes supernova because no supernova is perfectly symmetric and because the binding energy of the binary changes with the mass lost in the supernova the neutron star will be left with some velocity relative to its original orbit this kick may cause its new orbit to intersect with its companion or if its companion is a main sequence star it may be engulfed when its companion evolves into a red giant 5 if a neutron star and a white dwarf merge this could form a thorne żytkow object with the properties of an r coronae borealis variable 6 properties edit the surface of the neutron star is very hot with temperatures exceeding 10 9 k hotter than the cores of all but the most massive stars this heat is dominated either by nuclear fusion in the accreting gas or by compression of the gas by the neutron star s gravity 7 8 because of the high temperature unusual nuclear processes may take place as the envelope of the red giant falls onto the neutron star s surface hydrogen may fuse to produce a different mixture of isotopes than it does in ordinary stellar nucleosynthesis and some astronomers have proposed that the rapid proton nucleosynthesis that occurs in x ray bursts also takes place inside thorne żytkow objects 9 observationally a thorne żytkow object may resemble a red supergiant 2 or if it is hot enough to blow off the hydrogen rich surface layers a nitrogen rich wolf rayet star type wn8 10 a tżo has an estimated lifespan of 10 5 10 6 years given this lifespan it is possible that between 20 and 200 thorne żytkow objects currently exist in the milky way 11 the only way to unambiguously determine whether or not a star is a tżo is a multi messenger detection of both the gravitational waves of the inner neutron star and an optical spectrum of the metals atypical of a normal red supergiant it is possible to detect pre existing tżos with current ligo detectors the neutron star core would emit a continuous wave 12 dissolution edit it has been theorized that mass loss will eventually end the tżo stage with the remaining envelope converted to a disk resulting in the formation of a neutron star with a massive accretion disk 13 these neutron stars may form the population of isolated pulsars with accretion disks 13 the massive accretion disk may also collapse into a new star becoming a stellar companion to the neutron star the neutron star may also accrete sufficient material to collapse into a black hole 14 observation history edit in 2014 a team led by emily levesque argued that the star hv 2112 had unusually high abundances of elements such as molybdenum rubidium lithium and calcium and a high luminosity since both are expected characteristics of thorne żytkow objects this led the team to suggest that hv 2112 might be the first discovery of a tżo 2 however this claim was challenged in a 2018 paper by emma beasor and collaborators 4 who argued that there is no evidence for hv 2112 having any unusual abundance patterns beyond a possible enrichment of lithium and that its luminosity is too low they put forth another candidate hv 11417 based on an apparent over abundance of rubidium and a similar luminosity as hv 2112 4 list of candidate tżos edit candidate right ascension declination location discovery notes refs hv 2112 01 h 10 m 03 87 s 72 36 52 6 small magellanic cloud 2014 classified as a supergiant tżo candidate 2 15 16 17 or an agb star 4 2 15 16 17 4 hv 11417 01 h 00 m 48 2 s 72 51 02 1 small magellanic cloud 2018 classified as an agb star 4 4 18 vx sagittarii 18 h 08 m 04 04831 s 22 13 26 6327 sagittarius 2021 classified as red supergiant red hypergiant or a possible but unlikely super agb star 19 20 19 21 v595 cassiopeiae 01 h 43 m 02 72 s 56 30 46 02 cassiopeia 2002 22 io persei 03 h 06 m 47 27 s 55 43 59 35 perseus 2002 22 kn cassiopeiae 00 h 09 m 36 37 s 62 40 04 12 cassiopeia 2002 22 u aquarii 22 h 03 m 19 69 s 16 37 35 2 aquarius 1999 catalogued as a r coronae borealis variable 6 vz sagittarii 18 h 15 m 08 58 s 29 42 29 6 sagittarius 1999 catalogued as a r coronae borealis variable 6 list of candidate former and future tżos edit candidate former tżo right ascension declination location discovery notes refs gro j1655 40 16 h 54 m 00 14 s 39 50 44 9 scorpius 1995 the progenitor for both the companion star and the black hole in this system is hypothesized to have been a tżo 14 bd 61 2536 tic 470710327 23 h 49 m 18 99 s 61 57 46 0 cassiopeia 2022 massive hierarchical triple star system that could evolve either into a neutron star merger or a tżo 23 see also edit quasar active galactic nucleus agn containing a supermassive black hole quasi star hypothetical early universe star with a black hole core references edit thorne kip s żytkow anna n 15 march 1977 stars with degenerate neutron cores i structure of equilibrium models the astrophysical journal 212 1 832 858 bibcode 1977apj 212 832t doi 10 1086 155109 1 2 3 4 5 levesque emily m massey philip zytkow anna n morrell nidia 2014 discovery of a thorne żytkow object candidate in the small magellanic cloud monthly notices of the royal astronomical society letters 443 l94 l98 arxiv 1406 0001 bibcode 2014mnras 443l 94l doi 10 1093 mnrasl slu080 s2cid 119192926 astronomers discover first thorne zytkow object a bizarre type of hybrid star physorg 4 june 2014 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 beasor emma davies ben cabrera ziri ivan hurst georgia 2 july 2018 a critical re evaluation of the thorne żytkow object candidate hv 2112 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 479 3 3101 3105 arxiv 1806 07399 bibcode 2018mnras 479 3101b doi 10 1093 mnras sty1744 s2cid 67766043 brandt w niel podsiadlowski philipp may 1995 the effects of high velocity supernova kicks on the orbital properties and sky distributions of neutron star binaries monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 274 2 461 484 arxiv astro ph 9412023 bibcode 1995mnras 274 461b doi 10 1093 mnras 274 2 461 s2cid 119408422 1 2 3 vanture andrew zucker daniel wallerstein george april 1999 u aquarii a thorne żytkow object the astrophysical journal 514 2 932 938 bibcode 1999apj 514 932v doi 10 1086 306956 eich chris zimmerman mark thorne kip żytkow anna n november 1989 giant and supergiant stars with degenerate neutron cores the astrophysical journal 346 1 277 283 bibcode 1989apj 346 277e doi 10 1086 168008 cannon robert eggleton peter żytkow anna n podsialowsky philipp february 1992 the structure and evolution of thorne zytkow objects the astrophysical journal 386 1 206 214 bibcode 1992apj 386 206c doi 10 1086 171006 cannon robert august 1993 massive thorne żytkow objects structure and nucleosynthesis monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 263 4 817 838 bibcode 1993mnras 263 817c doi 10 1093 mnras 263 4 817 foellmi cedric moffat anthony f j 2002 are peculiar wolf rayet stars of type wn8 thorne zytkow objects in shara michael m ed stellar collisions mergers and their consequences asp conference proceedings vol 263 arxiv astro ph 0607217 bibcode 2002aspc 263 123f isbn 1 58381 103 6 podsiadlowski philipp cannon robert c rees martin j may 1995 the evolution and final fate of massive thorne żytkow objects monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 274 2 485 490 bibcode 1995mnras 274 485p doi 10 1093 mnras 274 2 485 demarchi lindsay sanders jax r levesque emily m apr 2021 prospects for multimessenger observations of thorne żytkow objects the astrophysical journal 911 2 101 arxiv 2103 03887 bibcode 2021apj 911 101d doi 10 3847 1538 4357 abebe1 1 2 mereghetti sandro 1995 a spin down variation in the 6 second x ray pulsar 1e 1048 1 5937 astrophysical journal 455 published december 1995 598 bibcode 1995apj 455 598m doi 10 1086 176607 1 2 brandt w niel podsiadlowski philipp sigurðsson steinn 1995 on the high space velocity of x ray nova sco 1994 implications for the formation of its black hole monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 277 2 l35 l40 bibcode 1995mnras 277l 35b doi 10 1093 mnras 277 1 l35 1 2 mcmillan paul 2018 gaia dr2 confirms that candidate thorne żytkow object hv 2112 is in the small magellanic cloud research notes of the american astronomical society 2 2 published may 2018 18 bibcode 2018rnaas 2 18m doi 10 3847 2515 5172 aac0fb s2cid 125376171 1 2 tout christopher 2014 hv2112 a thorne zytkow object or a super asymptotic giant branch star monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 445 published november 2014 l36 l40 arxiv 1406 6064 bibcode 2014mnras 445l 36t doi 10 1093 mnrasl slu131 1 2 worley clare 2016 the proper motion of hv2112 a tżo candidate in the smc monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 459 1 published june 2016 l31 l35 arxiv 1602 08479 bibcode 2016mnras 459l 31w doi 10 1093 mnrasl slw034 o grady anna 2020 cool luminous and highly variable stars in the magellanic clouds from asas sn implications for thorne żytkow objects and super asymptotic giant branch stars astrophysical journal 901 2 published september 2020 135 arxiv 2008 06563 bibcode 2020apj 901 135o doi 10 3847 1538 4357 abafad s2cid 221140015 1 2 tabernero hugo m dorda laforet ricardo negueruela díez ignacio marfil emilio gómez 2021 the nature of vx sagitarii astronomy astrophysics 646 a98 arxiv 2011 09184 bibcode 2021a a 646a 98t doi 10 1051 0004 6361 202039236 s2cid 227013580 jadlovský d wittkowski m chiavassa a kravchenko k freytag b höfner s krtička j paladini c rau g 2026 04 23 vlti gravity measurements of cool evolved stars ii pulsation properties and mass loss process of the mira star r car and the red supergiant vx sgr astronomy and astrophysics arxiv 2604 21621 farmer r renzo m götberg y bellinger e justham s de mink s e 2023 observational predictions for thorne żytkow objects monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 524 2 1692 1709 arxiv 2305 07337 doi 10 1093 mnras stad1977 1 2 3 kuchner marc j vakil david smith verne v lambert david l plez bertrand phinney e sterl may 30 june 2 2000 shara michael m ed a spectroscopic search for massive thorne żytkow objects pdf stellar collisions mergers and their consequences asp conference series vol 263 american museum of natural history new york pp 131 136 bibcode 2002aspc 263 131k isbn 1 58381 103 6 eisner nora l johnston cole toonen silvia frost abigail j janssens soetkin lintott chris j aigrain suzanne sana hugues abdul masih michael arellano córdova karla z beck paul g bordier emma cannon emily escorza ana fabry matthias hermansson lars et al 2022 04 01 planet hunters tess iv a massive compact hierarchical triple star system tic 470710327 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 511 4 4710 4723 arxiv 2202 06964 bibcode 2022mnras 511 4710e doi 10 1093 mnras stab3619 issn 0035 8711 v t e stars list formation accretion molecular cloud bok globule young stellar object protostar pre main sequence herbig ae be t tauri herbig haro object hayashi track henyey track evolution main sequence red giant branch horizontal branch red clump asymptotic giant branch post agb super agb blue loop planetary nebula protoplanetary wolf rayet nebula pg1159 dredge up oh ir instability strip luminous blue variable stellar population supernova superluminous hypernova classification early late main sequence o b a f g k m subdwarf o b wr ob subgiant hertzsprung gap giant blue red yellow bright giant supergiant blue red yellow hypergiant yellow carbon s cn ch white dwarf chemically peculiar am ap bp cemp hgmn he weak barium lambda boötis lead technetium be shell b e helium extreme blue straggler remnants compact star white dwarf helium planet neutron radio quiet pulsar binary x ray magnetar black hole stellar black hole supermassive black hole x ray binary burster sgr hypothetical blue dwarf black dwarf exotic boson electroweak strange preon planck dark dark energy quark q black quasi star gravastar thorne żytkow object iron blitzar white hole nucleosynthesis deuterium burning lithium burning proton proton chain cno cycle helium flash triple alpha process alpha process c burning ne burning o burning si burning s process r process p process nova symbiotic remnant luminous red nova recurrent micronova supernova structure core convection zone microturbulence oscillations radiation zone atmosphere photosphere starspot chromosphere stellar corona alfvén surface stellar wind bubble bipolar outflow accretion disk protoplanetary disk proplyd asteroseismology helioseismology circumstellar dust cosmic dust circumstellar envelope eddington luminosity kelvin helmholtz mechanism properties designation dynamics effective temperature luminosity kinematics magnetic field absolute magnitude mass loss metallicity rotation gravity darkening starlight variable photometric system color index hertzsprung russell diagram color color diagram strömgren sphere kraft break star systems binary contact common envelope eclipsing symbiotic multiple cluster open globular super planetary system earth centric observations sun solar eclipse solar radio emission solar system sunlight pole star circumpolar constellation asterism magnitude apparent extinction photographic radial velocity proper motion parallax photometric standard lists proper names arabic chinese extremes most massive highest temperature lowest temperature largest volume smallest volume brightest historical brightest most luminous nearest bright most distant with resolved images with multiple exoplanets brown dwarfs red dwarfs white dwarfs milky way novae supernovae candidates remnants planetary nebulae timeline of stellar astronomy related substellar object brown dwarf desert sub planet galactic year galaxy guest gravity intergalactic neutron star merger planet hosting stars stellar collision stellar engulfment tidal disruption event category stars portal commons portals astronomy stars outer space retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title thorne żytkow_object oldid 1371918740 categories star types stellar evolution red giants neutron...