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throughout childhood and often into the early to mid teen years another tickling social relationship is that which forms between siblings of relatively the same age 14 many case studies have indicated that siblings often use tickling as an alternative to outright violence when attempting to either punish or intimidate one another the sibling tickling relationship can occasionally develop into an anti social situation or tickle torture where one sibling will tickle the other without mercy the motivation behind tickle torture is often to portray the sense of domination the tickler has over the victim 14 as with parents and siblings tickling serves as a bonding mechanism between friends and is classified by psychologists as part of the fifth and highest grade of social play which involves special intimacy or cognitive interaction 14 this suggests that tickling works best when all the parties involved feel comfortable with the situation and one another 15 it can also serve as an outlet for sexual energy during adolescence 16 and a number of people have stated in a study that their private areas were ticklish 17 18 while many people assume that other people enjoy tickling a recent survey of 84 college students indicated that only 32 of respondents enjoy being tickled with 32 giving neutral responses and 36 stating that they do not enjoy being tickled 19 the study also found a very high level of embarrassment and anxiety associated with tickling however in the same study the authors found that the facial indicators of happiness and amusement do not correlate with some people who indicated that they do not enjoy being tickled actually smiling more often during tickling than those who indicated that they do enjoy being tickled 19 which suggests that the facial indicators are not produced in response to the same emotions as under typical circumstances it has also been suggested that people may enjoy tickling because it elicits laughter as well as the feeling of being tickled social psychologists find that mimicking expressions generally cause people to some degree experience that emotion 9 excessive tickling has been described as a primary sexual obsession and under these circumstances is sometimes considered a form of paraphilia 20 tickling can also be a form of sexual harassment 15 purpose some of history s greatest thinkers have pondered the mysteries of the tickle response including plato francis bacon galileo galilei and charles darwin 9 in the assayer galileo philosophically examines tickling in the context of how we perceive reality 21 when touched upon the soles of the feet for example it feels in addition to the common sensation of touch a sensation on which we have imposed a special name tickling this sensation belongs to us and not to the hand a piece of paper or a feather drawn lightly over any part of our bodies performs intrinsically the same operations of moving and touching but by touching the eye the nose or the upper lip it excites in us an almost intolerable titillation even though elsewhere it is scarcely felt this titillation belongs entirely to us and not to the feather if the live and sensitive body were removed it would remain no more than a mere word francis bacon and charles darwin believed that humorous laughter requires a light frame of mind but they differed on ticklish laughter darwin thought that the same light state of mind was required whereas bacon disagreed when tickled noted bacon men even in a grieved state of mind yet cannot sometimes forbear laughing 22 one hypothesis as mentioned above is that tickling serves as a pleasant bonding experience between parent and child 9 however this hypothesis does not adequately explain why many children and adults find tickling to be an unpleasant experience another view maintained is that tickling develops as a prenatal response and that the development of sensitive areas on the fetus helps to orient the fetus into favourable positions while in the womb 23 it is unknown why certain people find areas of the body to be more ticklish than others additionally studies have shown that there is no significant difference in ticklishness among the genders 24 in 1924 j c gregory proposed that the most ticklish places on the body were also those areas that were the most vulnerable during hand to hand combat he posited that ticklishness might confer an evolutionary advantage by enticing the individual to protect these areas consistent with this idea university of iowa psychiatrist donald w black observed that most ticklish spots are found in the same places as the protective reflexes 25 a third hybrid hypothesis has suggested that tickling encourages the development of combat skills 9 most tickling is done by parents siblings and friends and is often a type of rough and tumble play during which time children often develop defensive and combat moves although people generally make movements to get away from and report disliking being tickled laughter encourages the tickler to continue if the facial expressions induced by tickle were less pleasant the tickler would be less likely to continue thus diminishing the frequency of these combat lessons to understand how much of the tickle response is dependent on the interpersonal relationship of the parties involved christenfeld and harris presented subjects with a mechanical tickle machine they found that the subjects laughed just as much when they believed they were being tickled by a machine as when they thought they were being tickled by a person 26 harris goes on to suggest that the tickle response is reflex similar to the startle reflex that is contingent upon the element of surprise 9 self tickling the question as to why a person could not tickle themselves was raised by the greek philosopher aristotle 9 in problems his theory was that laughter arises from being deranged or deceived to be surprised such as in tickling is inherently to be deceived and one cannot surprise deceive and thereby tickle oneself 27 knismesis may represent a vestige of the primitive grooming response in effect knismesis serves as a non self detector and protects the subject against foreign objects perhaps due to the importance of knismesis in protection this type of light touch is not dependent on the element of surprise and it is possible for one to induce self knismesis by light touching 18 gargalesis on the other hand produces an odd phenomenon when a person touches ticklish parts on their own body no tickling sensation is experienced it is thought that the tickling requires a certain amount of surprise and because tickling oneself produces no unexpected motion on the skin the response is not activated 18 in 1998 blakemore and colleagues analyzed the self tickle response by using mri technology to investigate how the brain distinguishes between sensations the person makes for themself and sensations others create for when subjects used a joystick to control a tickling robot they could not make themselves laugh this suggests that when a person tries to tickle themselves the cerebellum sends to the somatosensory cortex precise information on the position of the tickling target and therefore what sensation to expect apparently an unknown cortical mechanism then decreases or inhibits the tickling sensation 28 while the reasons for the inhibition of the tickling sensation during self tickling remain unknown research shows that the human brain is trained to know what sensation to expect when the body moves or performs an action 29 another reason may be the lack of awareness of many sensations arising from self movement such as not paying attention to one s own vocal cords when one tries to tickle oneself by grabbing one s sides the brain foresees this contact between body and hand and prepares itself for it this removes the feeling of unease and panic causing the body to not react to tickling in the same way it would if someone else supplied the stimulus however some people with schizophrenia have the ability to tickle themselves non pathological individuals high in schizotypical traits also have a greater self tickling ability than people low in schizotypical traits this is suggested to possibly correlate with a less pronounced ability of these people to track and attribute the results of their own actions 30 31 tickle fight a tickle fight is a playful leisure activity 32 in which two people or sometimes more tickle each other to the point where one of the participants gives up citation needed it can occur as a sudden outburst without consensus about it citation needed or as a carefully designed challenge with clear ground rules 33 tickle fighting is similar to pillow fighting in the sense that they are both silly and playful activities usually not taken too seriously citation needed tickle fighting is especially enjoyed by young children 34 tickle fight should not be confused with tickle torture which is an abusive and serious torturing method citation needed a participant in a tickle fight can be called a tickler 35 36 37 as physical abuse main article tickle torture although some consensual tickling can be a positive playful experience non consensual tickling can be frightening uncomfortable and painful for the recipient heinz heger a man imprisoned in the flossenbürg concentration camp during world war ii witnessed nazi prison guards perform tickle torture on a fellow inmate he describes this incident in his book the men with the pink triangle 38 the first game that the ss sergeant and his men played was to tickle their victim with goose feathers on the soles of his feet between his legs in the armpits and on other parts of his naked body at first the prisoner forced himself to keep silent while his eyes twitched in fear and torment from one ss man to the other then he could not restrain himself and finally he broke out in a high pitched laughter that very soon turned into a cry of pain while the tears ran down his face and his body twisted against his chains after this tickling torture they let the lad hang there for a little while a flood of tears ran down his cheeks and he cried and sobbed uncontrollably an article in the british medical journal describes a european method of tickle torture in which a goat was compelled to lick the victim s feet after they had been dipped in salt water once the goat had licked the salt off the victim s feet would be dipped in the salt water again and the process would repeat itself 39 in ancient japan authority figures could administer punishments to those convicted of crimes that were beyond the criminal code this was called shikei which translates as private punishment one such torture was kusuguri zeme merciless tickling 40 in vernon wiehe s book sibling abuse he published his research findings regarding 150 adults who were abused by their siblings during childhood several reported tickling as a type of physical abuse they experienced and based on these reports it was revealed that abusive tickling is capable of provoking extreme physiological reactions in the victim such as vomiting incontinence losing control of bladder and loss of consciousness due to inability to breathe 41 see also feeling tickling fetishism further reading robson david 9 january 2015 why can t you tickle yourself bbc carlsson k petrovic p skare s petersson km ingvar m 2000 tickling expectations neural processing in anticipation of a sensory stimulus journal of cognitive neuroscience 12 4 691 703 doi 10 1162 089892900562318 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0013 391d a pmid 10936920 s2cid 1232651 fried i wilson cl macdonald ka behnke ej 1998 electric current stimulates laughter nature 391 6668 650 bibcode 1998natur 391 650f doi 10 1038 35536 pmid 9490408 s2cid 4305989 fry wf 1992 the physiologic effects of humor mirth and laughter jama 267 13 1857 1858 doi 10 1001 jama 267 13 1857 pmid 1545471 different types of laughter modulate connectivity within distinct parts of the laughter perception network dirk wildgruber diana p szameitat thomas ethofer carolin brück kai alter wolfgang grodd benjamin kreifelts isbn missing references 1 2 tickling dictionary com retrieved 2012 05 27 hall g stanley allin arthur october 1897 the psychology of tickling laughing and the comic the american journal of psychology 9 1 1 42 doi 10 2307 1411471 jstor 1411471 1 2 selden s t 2004 tickle journal of the american academy of dermatology 50 1 93 97 doi 10 1016 s0190 9622 03 02737 3 pmid 14699372 panksepp j burgdorf j 2003 laughing rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy pdf physiol behav 79 3 533 547 doi 10 1016 s0031 9384 03 00159 8 pmid 12954448 s2cid 14063615 the psychology of tickling and why it makes us laugh big think 12 july 2016 zotterman y 1939 touch pain and tickling an electrophysiological investigation on cutaneous sensory nerves journal of physiology 95 1 1 28 doi 10 1113 jphysiol 1939 sp003707 pmc 1393960 pmid 16995068 lahuerta j et al 1990 clinical and instrumental evaluation of sensory function before and after percutaneous anterolateral cordotomy at cervical level in man pain 42 1 23 30 doi 10 1016 0304 3959 90 91087 y pmid 1700355 s2cid 24785416 nathan pw 1990 touch and surgical division of the anterior quadrant of the spinal cord j neurol neurosurg psychiatry 53 11 935 939 doi 10 1136 jnnp 53 11 935 pmc 488271 pmid 2283523 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 harris christine r 1999 the mystery of ticklish laughter american scientist 87 4 344 bibcode 1999amsci 87 344h doi 10 1511 1999 30 344 s2cid 221586788 1 2 hall g stanley alliń arthur 1897 the psychology of tickling laughing and the comic the american journal of psychology 9 1 1 41 doi 10 2307 1411471 issn 0002 9556 retrieved 28 august 2024 newman b o grady ma ryan cs hemmes ns 1993 pavlovian conditioning of the tickle response of human subjects temporal and delay conditioning perceptual and motor skills 77 3 pt 1 779 785 doi 10 2466 pms 1993 77 3 779 pmid 8284153 s2cid 38446310 darwin c 1872 1965 the expressions of the emotions in man and animals london john murray pp 201 202 isbn missing loftis fridlund jennifer april 1990 alan relations between tickling and humorous laughter preliminary support for the darwin hecker hypothesis biological psychology 30 141 150 201 1 2 3 4 5 fagen r the future of play theory a multidisciplinary inquiry into the contributions of brian sutton smith albany ny suny press 1995 pp 22 24 1 2 michael moran erotic tickling greenery press 2003 isbn 1 890159 46 8 page needed freud s three contributions to the theory of sex in the basic writings of freud new york modern library 1938 isbn missing page needed the surprising reasons why we tickle one another the washington post 6 february 2016 1 2 3 selden st 2004 tickle j am acad dermatol 50 1 93 97 doi 10 1016 s0190 9622 03 02737 3 pmid 14699372 1 2 harris c r and nancy alvarado 2005 facial expressions smile types and self reporting during humour tickle and pain pdf archived 2006 09 23 at the wayback 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