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binary x ray source 30 31 gro j1655 40 5 31 0 07 5 500 f6iv precision x ray timing observations from rossixte lmxb system 32 33 gx 339 4 5 9 3 6 26 000 n a 21 list of objects in mass gap edit this list contains objects that may be neutron stars black holes quark stars or other exotic objects this list is distinct from the list of least massive black holes due to the undetermined nature of these objects largely because of indeterminate mass or other poor observation data name mass m distance ly companion class mass determination method notes refs gw170817 s remnant 2 74 0 04 0 01 144 000 000 n a gravitational wave data of neutron star merger from ligo and virgo interferometers in ngc 4993 possibly collapsed into a black hole 5 10 seconds after merger 34 ss 433 3 0 30 0 18 000 700 a7ib first discovered microquasar system confirmed to have a magnetic field which is atypical for a black hole however it could be the field of the accretion disk not of the compact object 35 36 37 lb 1 2 0 70 0 approx 7 000 be star stripped helium star initially thought to be first black hole in pair instability mass gap 38 39 cygnus x 3 2 0 5 0 24 100 3 600 wn4 6 near infrared spectroscopy and atmosphere model fitting of companion microquasar system major differences between the spectrum of cyg x 3 and typical accreting bh can be explained by properties of its companion star 40 41 ls i 61 303 1 0 4 0 7 000 b0ve spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of companion microquasar system it has a spectrum typical for black holes however it emits he and vhe gamma rays similar to neutron stars ls_2883 and hess j0632 057 as well as mysterious object ls 5039 42 43 ls 5039 3 7 1 3 1 0 8 200 300 o f n6 5v intermediate dispersion spectroscopy and atmosphere model fitting of companion microquasar system only lowest possible mass allows it not to be a black hole 44 gro j0422 32 v518 persei 3 97 0 95 1 87 8 500 m4 5v photometric light curve modelling sxt system only mass close to lowest possible allows it not to be a black hole 21 45 see also edit astronomy portal physics portal bekenstein bound oppenheimer snyder model quark star tolman oppenheimer volkoff equation references edit bombaci i 1996 the maximum mass of a neutron star astronomy and astrophysics 305 871 877 bibcode 1996a a 305 871b kalogera v baym g 11 august 1996 the maximum mass of a neutron star the astrophysical journal 470 l61 l64 arxiv astro ph 9608059v1 bibcode 1996apj 470l 61k doi 10 1086 310296 s2cid 119085893 pooley d kumar p wheeler j c grossan b 2018 05 31 gw170817 most likely made a black hole the astrophysical journal 859 2 l23 arxiv 1712 03240 bibcode 2018apj 859l 23p doi 10 3847 2041 8213 aac3d6 s2cid 53379493 1 2 cho a 16 february 2018 a weight limit emerges for neutron stars science 359 6377 724 725 bibcode 2018sci 359 724c doi 10 1126 science 359 6377 724 pmid 29449468 1 2 rezzolla l most e r weih l r 2018 01 09 using gravitational wave observations and quasi universal relations to constrain the maximum mass of neutron stars astrophysical journal 852 2 l25 arxiv 1711 00314 bibcode 2018apj 852l 25r doi 10 3847 2041 8213 aaa401 s2cid 119359694 tolman r c 1939 static solutions of einstein s field equations for spheres of fluid physical review 55 4 364 373 bibcode 1939phrv 55 364t doi 10 1103 physrev 55 364 1 2 3 oppenheimer j r volkoff g m 1939 on massive neutron cores physical review 55 4 374 381 bibcode 1939phrv 55 374o doi 10 1103 physrev 55 374 romani roger w kandel d filippenko alexei v brink thomas g zheng weikang 2022 08 01 psr j0952 0607 the fastest and heaviest known galactic neutron star the astrophysical journal letters 934 2 l17 arxiv 2207 05124 bibcode 2022apj 934l 17r doi 10 3847 2041 8213 ac8007 issn 2041 8205 the heaviest neutron star on record is 2 35 times the mass of the sun 2022 07 22 retrieved 2024 01 04 siegel ethan the surprising reason why neutron stars don t all collapse to form black holes forbes retrieved 2024 01 04 burkert v d elouadrhiri l girod f x 2019 05 05 the pressure distribution inside the proton nature 557 7705 396 399 doi 10 1038 s41586 018 0060 z issn 1476 4687 pmid 29769668 s2cid 21724781 illari phyllis 2019 mechanisms models and laws in understanding supernovae journal for general philosophy of science 50 1 63 84 doi 10 1007 s10838 018 9435 y issn 0925 4560 woosley s e heger a weaver t a 2002 the evolution and explosion of massive stars reviews of modern physics 74 4 1015 1071 bibcode 2002rvmp 74 1015w doi 10 1103 revmodphys 74 1015 s2cid 55932331 mcclintock j e remillard r a 2003 black hole binaries arxiv astro ph 0306213 casares j 2006 observational evidence for stellar mass black holes proceedings of the international astronomical union 2 3 arxiv astro ph 0612312 doi 10 1017 s1743921307004590 s2cid 119474341 1 2 kaminker a d kaurov a a potekhin a y yakovlev d g 2014 08 21 thermal emission of neutron stars with internal heaters monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 442 4 3484 3494 arxiv 1406 0723 doi 10 1093 mnras stu1102 issn 1365 2966 hessels jason w t ransom scott m stairs ingrid h freire paulo c c kaspi victoria m camilo fernando 2006 03 31 a radio pulsar spinning at 716 hz science 311 5769 1901 1904 arxiv astro ph 0601337 bibcode 2006sci 311 1901h doi 10 1126 science 1123430 issn 0036 8075 pmid 16410486 skyandtelescope com news from sky telescope spinning pulsar smashes record 2007 12 29 archived from the original on 2007 12 29 retrieved 2024 01 05 fryer chris l heger alexander oct 2000 core collapse simulations of rotating stars the astrophysical journal 541 2 1033 1050 arxiv astro ph 9907433 bibcode 2000apj 541 1033f doi 10 1086 309446 issn 0004 637x 1 2 bianchi luciana hutchings john bohlin ralph thilker david berti emanuele 2024 revealing the elusive companion of the red giant binary 2massj05215658 4359220 from uv hst and astrosat uvit data the astrophysical journal 976 1 131 arxiv 2409 06906 bibcode 2024apj 976 131b doi 10 3847 1538 4357 ad712f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 elavsky f geller a masses in the stellar graveyard northwestern university thompson t a kochanek c s stanek k z et al 2019 a noninteracting low mass black hole giant star binary system science 366 6465 637 640 arxiv 1806 02751 bibcode 2019sci 366 637t doi 10 1126 science aau4005 pmid 31672898 s2cid 207815062 kumar v 2019 11 03 astronomers spot a new class of low mass black holes rankred retrieved 2019 11 05 abbott b p et al 2020 gw190425 observation of a compact binary coalescence with total mass 3 4 m the astrophysical journal 892 1 l3 arxiv 2001 01761 bibcode 2020apj 892l 3a doi 10 3847 2041 8213 ab75f5 s2cid 210023687 foley ryan j coulter david a kilpatrick charles d piro anthony l ramirez ruiz enrico schwab josiah 2020 updated parameter estimates for gw190425 using astrophysical arguments and implications for the electromagnetic counterpart monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 494 1 190 198 arxiv 2002 00956 bibcode 2020mnras 494 190f doi 10 1093 mnras staa725 sutter paul 2022 09 16 strange quark star may have formed from a lucky cosmic merger space com archived from the original on 2023 03 23 retrieved 2023 03 30 giesers b et al 2018 a detached stellar mass black hole candidate in the globular cluster ngc 3201 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society letters 475 1 l15 l19 arxiv 1801 05642 bibcode 2018mnras 475l 15g doi 10 1093 mnrasl slx203 s2cid 35600251 chaty s mirabel i f goldoni p mereghetti s duc p a martí j mignani r p 2002 near infrared observations of galactic black hole candidates monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 331 4 1065 1071 arxiv astro ph 0112329 bibcode 2002mnras 331 1065c doi 10 1046 j 1365 8711 2002 05267 x s2cid 15529877 orosz jerome a jain raj k bailyn charles d mcclintock jeffrey e remillard ronald a 2002 orbital parameters for the soft x ray transient 4u 1543 47 evidence for a black hole the astrophysical journal 499 1 375 384 arxiv astro ph 9712018 bibcode 1998apj 499 375o doi 10 1086 305620 s2cid 16991861 slany p stuchlik z 1 october 2008 mass estimate of the xte j1650 500 black hole from the extended orbital resonance model for high frequency qpos astronomy astrophysics 492 2 319 322 arxiv 0810 0237 bibcode 2008a a 492 319s doi 10 1051 0004 6361 200810334 s2cid 5526948 determination of black hole masses in galactic black hole binaries using scaling of spectral and variability characteristics shaposhnikov nickolai titarchuk lev the astrophysical journal volume 699 issue 1 pp 453 468 2009 doi 10 1088 0004 637x 699 1 453 pdf motta s e belloni t m stella l muñoz darias t fender r 2014 precise mass and spin measurements for a stellar mass black hole through x ray timing the case of gro j1655 40 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society 437 3 2554 arxiv 1309 3652 bibcode 2014mnras 437 2554m doi 10 1093 mnras stt2068 foellmi c depagne e dall t h mirabel i f 12 june 2006 on the distance of gro j1655 40 astronomy astrophysics 457 1 249 255 arxiv astro ph 0606269 bibcode 2006a a 457 249f doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20054686 s2cid 119395985 van putten maurice h p m della valle massimo january 2019 observational evidence for extended emission to gw 170817 monthly notices of the royal astronomical society letters 482 1 l46 l49 arxiv 1806 02165 bibcode 2019mnras 482l 46v doi 10 1093 mnrasl sly166 we report on a possible detection of extended emission ee in gravitational radiation during grb170817a a descending chirp with characteristic time scale τ s 3 01 0 2 s in a h1 l1 spectrogram up to 700 hz with gaussian equivalent level of confidence greater than 3 3 σ based on causality alone following edge detection applied to h1 l1 spectrograms merged by frequency coincidences additional confidence derives from the strength of this ee the observed frequencies below 1 khz indicate a hypermassive magnetar rather than a black hole spinning down by magnetic winds and interactions with dynamical mass ejecta cherepashchuk anatol 2002 observational manifestations of precession of accretion disk in 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outline types btz black hole schwarzschild rotating charged virtual kugelblitz supermassive primordial direct collapse rogue malament hogarth spacetime size micro extremal electron stellar microquasar intermediate mass supermassive active galactic nucleus quasar lqg blazar bl lac fsrq formation stellar evolution gravitational collapse neutron star related links tolman oppenheimer volkoff limit oppenheimer snyder model white dwarf related links supernova micronova hypernova related links gamma ray burst binary black hole quark star supermassive star quasi star supermassive dark star x ray binary low mass high mass properties astrophysical jet gravitational singularity ring singularity bkl singularity shock singularity theorems event horizon photon sphere innermost stable circular orbit ergosphere penrose process blandford znajek process accretion disk corona wind hawking radiation gravitational lens microlens cauchy horizon mass inflation bondi accretion m sigma relation quasi periodic oscillation the...