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ional referendum egyptian revolution of 1952 14 july revolution 1960 south african republic referendum north yemen civil war zanzibar revolution 1969 libyan revolution 1970 cambodian coup d état metapolitefsi 1974 greek republic referendum iranian revolution 1987 fijian coups d état 1993 brazilian constitutional referendum nepalese civil war barbadian republic proclamation national variants antigua and barbuda australia bahamas barbados canada ireland jamaica japan morocco netherlands new zealand norway spain catalonia sweden united kingdom scotland wales united states republic days armenia azerbaijan china iceland india iran italy kazakhstan malta moldova nepal niger north korea north macedonia pakistan philippines taiwan turkey related topics classical radicalism common good communitarianism consul criticism of monarchy egalitarianism the emperor s new clothes jacobinism liberalism list of monarchy referendums list of republics monarchism peasant republic primus inter pares republic without republicans republican empire republican party politics portal v t e following clarke s falling out with hobson mac diarmada and clarke became almost inseparable the two of them as secretary and treasurer respectively de facto ran the irb although it was still under the nominal head of other men james deakin and later mccullough in 1915 clarke and mac diarmada established the military committee of the irb to plan what later became the easter rising the members were pearse ceannt and joseph plunkett with clarke and mac diarmada adding themselves shortly thereafter 8 when the old fenian jeremiah o donovan rossa died in 1915 clarke used his funeral and pearse s graveside oration to mobilise the volunteers and heighten expectation of imminent action 14 in late 1915 clarke used his connections with clan na gael back in new york city to arrange for german weapons to be shipped into ireland to coincide with the planned uprising it was during this period that clarke became frantic keen to plan out and organise every aspect of the rising clarke feared a repeat of the 1867 fenian rising which ended in disaster due to amongst other reasons poor planning and preparation in january 1916 clarke was accidentally shot in the right arm by irb member sean mcgarry who mishandled a weapon clarke was never able to regain use of the arm 8 it was also in january 1916 when an agreement was reached between the irb and the leading marxist james connolly and his irish citizen army connolly was added to the irb military committee with thomas macdonagh also added at the last minute in april these seven men would later become the signatories of the proclamation of the republic with clarke as the first signatory the irb feared that connolly and his much smaller ica organisation when compared to the volunteers would pre empt an irb uprising with one of their own and bring down the british authorities upon ireland their response was to absorb connolly and the ica into their plans although clarke avoided publicity and attention by nature his activities did not go unnoticed by dublin castle the centre of british intelligence in ireland dublin metropolitan police dmp detectives correctly realised that clarke was the primary mover behind a planned republican revolution in ireland and began to heavily monitor his activities dmp detectives rented a shop directly across from his parnell street shop in order to directly observe his comings and goings and were planning to arrest him just days before the easter rising launched in late april 1916 8 in one of the final meetings before the easter rising went ahead a gathering of the military council discussed the proclamation of the irish republic it was decided amongst them that clarke s signature should be the first amongst them on the document owing to the sentiment that he had done more than anyone else to bring about the rising 8 easter rising edit there was immediate confusion at the onset of the easter rising when eoin macneill nominally the head of the irish volunteers issued orders in the sunday independent for volunteers not to gather clarke was livid and denounced macneill as a traitor but resolved to push ahead regardless 8 clarke was located at headquarters in the general post office gpo during the events of easter week where rebel forces were largely composed of irish citizen army members under the command of connolly though he held no formal military rank clarke was recognised by the garrison as one of the commanders and was active throughout the week 15 after connolly was badly wounded on 27 april clarke took an active role in command it has been said that clarke indeed would have been the declared president and commander in chief but he refused any military rank and such honours these were given to pearse who was more well known and respected on a national level following the o donovan rossa speech 16 kathleen clarke later claimed that her husband and not pearse was first president of the irish republic 17 at the time of planning the clarkes were living in a house on richmond avenue fairview 18 19 late in the week the gpo had to be evacuated due to a fire the leaders gathered in a house in moore street to decide how to proceed clarke was the only leader amongst them who wished to keep fighting with a nearly unanimous vote having been taken pearse ordered the rebels to surrender on 29 april clarke broke down into tears 8 clarke wrote on the wall of the house we had to evacuate the gpo the boys put up a grand fight and that fight will save the soul of ireland 20 execution edit clarke was arrested by the british after the surrender he and the other commanders were taken to the rotunda where he was stripped of his clothing in front of the other prisoners 21 following the search clarke was greatly distressed when the dmp was able to produce a file accurately documenting the majority of his life including his early life his time in prison his time in america and his activities for the irb since returning to ireland 8 he was later held in kilmainham gaol and he was court martialled on 2 may 1916 clarke made no statements in his defence clarke was executed by firing squad along with pearse and macdonagh on 3 may 1916 before his execution clarke was able to speak with his wife kathleen he asked her to warn republicans about eoin macneill the leader of the irish volunteers who countermanded the order for the rising saying i want you to see to it that our people know of his treachery to us he must never be allowed back into the national life of this country for so sure as he is so sure will he act treacherously in a crisis he is a weak man but i know every effort will be made to whitewash him 22 he also told her he was glad to be facing execution as he dreaded the thought of returning to prison summarising his thoughts about the future he told kathleen that between this and freedom ireland will go through hell but she will never lie down again until she has attained full freedom 8 before asking her to convey a message to the irish people my comrades and i believe we have struck the first successful blow for freedom and so sure as we are going out this morning so sure will freedom come as a direct result of our action in this belief we die happy 23 legacy edit tom s wife kathleen continued to be a republican activist in politics for many decades after his death the historian james quinn has opined that clarke was probably the most single minded of all the 1916 leaders quinn states that despite his frail physical appearance and aversion to public speaking clarke can be described as the fiercest most tenacious and most zealous of all the easter rising leaders after her husband s execution kathleen clarke was elected a td in the second dáil notably speaking against the anglo irish treaty the thomas clarke tower block of flats in ballymun flats was named after him the top floor was used as a short stay hotel before its demolition in april 2008 dundalk railway station was given the name clarke on 10 april 1966 in commemoration of clarke s role in the 1916 rising 24 the tom clarke bridge is a tolled bridge across the river liffey in dublin the bridge officially named after clarke is popularly referred to as the east link bridge he also featured on postage stamps in 1966 dungannon thomas clarkes a successful gaa club and gaelic football team in clarke s hometown in county tyrone are also named after him dungannon has a 1916 society named in his honour cumann thomáis ui chléirigh 25 clarke square in collins barracks he was portrayed by lalor roddy in the 2016 miniseries rebellion a dramatic retelling of the events and aftermath of the 1916 rising the brooklyn chapter of conradh na gaeilge is named for kathleen and tom clarke cumann chaitlín agus thomáis úi chléirigh gallery edit wicklow granite memorial dedicated in 1987 in manorville new york at the site of his 60 acre farm clarke s house fairview dublin death certificate of thomas clarke tom clarke 1916 commemorative plaque at the junction of parnell street and o connell street dublin works edit glimpses of an irish felon s prison life 1922 the national publications committee cork https www exclassics com glimpses glimpsesintro htm references edit citations edit ryan anne marie 2014 16 dead men pdf cork mercier press p 41 isbn 9781781171349 archived pdf from the original on 4 may 2015 retrieved 4 may 2015 the seven signatories of the proclamation tom clarke pdf the 1916 rising personalities perspectives national library of ireland 2006 archived from the original pdf on 7 march 2012 retrieved 19 october 2010 1 2 ryan 2014 p 42 ryan 2014 p 43 ryan 2014 p 44 old bailey proceedings online accessed 27 april 2008 trial of thomas gallagher alfred whitehead henry wilson william ansburgh john curtin bernard gallagher t18830528 620 8 may 1883 coogan tim pat 2016 the twelve apostles head of zeus p 28 isbn 9781784080150 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 quinn james august 2012 clarke thomas james tom dictionary of irish biography retrieved 30 january 2023 the story of thomas j clarke aohdivision11 org retrieved 9 october 2009 archived from the original on 17 february 2010 retrieved 10 october 2009 litton helen 2014 thomas clarke 16lives the o brien press p isbn 978 1847176547 archived from the original on 23 september 2021 retrieved 12 january 2019 feeney brian 2014 seán macdiarmada 16 lives o brien press paseta senia 2013 irish nationalist women 1900 1918 cambridge university press p 192 a new history of ireland volume vii ireland 1921 84 oxford university press 2010 p 858 sean farrell moran patrick pearse and the politics of redemption page 186 piaras f mac lochlainn last words an roinn ealaíon oidhreachta gaeltachta agus oileán 1990 foy michael t barton brian 2011 the easter rising the history press p 66 isbn 978 0752472720 archived from the original on 2 march 2017 retrieved 1 march 2017 clarke kathleen 1991 revolutionary woman kathleen clarke 1878 1972 an autobiography dublin o brien press p 69 isbn 0862782457 thomas cónal 17 february 2016 on richmond avenue residents seek action on derelict site and historic home dublin inquirer archived from the original on 2 april 2021 retrieved 8 april 2021 quinn james 2019 clarke thomas james tom dictionary of irish biography archived from the original on 23 september 2021 retrieved 8 april 2021 o connor batt with michael collins in the fight for irish independence archived 27 july 2011 at the wayback machine 2nd ed millstreet aubane historical society p 75 76 god guns the aftermath of 1916 28 february 2016 archived from the original on 12 march 2017 retrieved 10 march 2017 clarke kathleen 2008 revolutionary woman dublin the o brien press p 94 isbn 978 1 84717 059 0 foy michael t 2014 tom clarke the true leader of the easter rising dublin the history press ireland p 241 isbn 9781845887766 archived from the original on 6 may 2017 retrieved 22 september 2016 the 15 irish railway stations named after the executed 1916 leaders thejournal ie 30 april 2016 retrieved 6 march 2026 tom clarke society archived from the original on 14 november 2012 retrieved 26 march 2013 sources edit caulfield max 1965 the easter rebellion london new english library clarke kathleen 1991 litton helen ed revolutionary woman kathleen clarke 1878 1972 an autobiography my fight for ireland s freedom dublin o brien press isbn 0 86278 245 7 kee robert 2000 the green flag a history of irish nationalism london penguin isbn 0 14 029165 2 litton helen 2014 thomas clarke dublin o brien press isbn 9781847172617 lyons f s l 1973 ireland since the famine 2nd rev ed london fontana isbn 0 00 633200 5 martin f x ed 1967 leaders and men of the easter rising dublin 1916 london methuen moran sean farrell patrick pearse and the politics of redemption washington catholic university of america press 1994 townshend charles 2005 easter 1916 the irish rebellion london allen lane isbn 0 7139 9690 0 external links edit tom clarke national library of ireland thomas james clarke dictionary of irish biography v t e easter rising signatories of the proclamation of the republic executed after the rising patrick pearse tom clarke thomas macdonagh joseph plunkett éamonn ceannt seán mac diarmada james connolly also executed for their role in the rising ned daly willie pearse michael o hanrahan john macbride michael mallin con colbert seán heuston thomas kent roger casement other irish figures cathal brugha constance markievicz domhnall ua buachalla éamon de valera elizabeth o farrell eoin macneill francis sheehy skeffington julia grenan kathleen lynn liam mellows louise gavan duffy madeleine ffrench mullen margaret skinnider the o rahilly thomas ashe british figures john maxwell lord wimborne augustine birrell matthew nathan william lowe v t e irish republican brotherhood general young ireland fenianism irish republicanism physical force irish republicanism irish in the american civil war manchester martyrs cuba five new departure irish race conventions obstructionism fenian ram hindu german conspiracy declaration of independence irish republic sinn féin anglo irish treaty irish civil war irish free state actions fenian rising clerkenwell explosion and fenian raids catalpa rescue land war fenian dynamite campaign easter rising irish war of independence army mutiny presidents james stephens thomas j kelly j f x o brien charles kickham john o connor power john o leary neal o boyle john mulholland seamus deakin denis mccullough thomas ashe seán mcgarry harry boland patrick moylett michael collins richard mulcahy prominent members 19th century thomas francis bourke ricard o sullivan burke edward o meagher condon john daly michael davitt timothy deasy john devoy michael doheny thomas clarke luby john o mahony jeremiah o donovan rossa pat nally william r roberts 20th century éamonn ceannt tom clarke bulmer hobson seán mac diarmada diarmuid lynch patrick pearse joseph plunkett informants thomas m...