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shi a6m zero combat air patrols and ships anti aircraft fire the attacks had been poorly coordinated but the devastator sorties were credited with pulling the defending a6m zeros out of position as well as preventing the japanese carriers from launching their aircraft so three of the four carriers were caught with their hangar decks full of fueled and armed planes when the american dive bombers struck by surprise nonetheless the devastator was immediately withdrawn from front line service 17 the successor to the devastator the grumman tbf avenger arrived too late at pearl harbor to be loaded onto carriers for the battle of midway however six were flown from midway island they fared no better with five lost without a single hit 18 avengers became more successful as tactics improved and crews became more skilled on 24 august 1942 24 avengers sank the light carrier ryūjō at the battle of the eastern solomons at guadalcanal avengers from the navy and marine corps helped to finish off the battleship hiei which had lost steering after being damaged the prior night 19 beauforts also had more success when they moved to malta to attack italian warships and transport flying officer arthur aldridge discovered a convoy guarded by the heavy cruiser trento early on 14 june 1942 some 200 miles 320 km east of malta as in the attack on lützow the beaufort was mistaken for a junkers ju 88 and aldridge hit trento with his torpedo the ship was eventually finished off by the submarine hms umbra p35 which was close by 11 at the battle of the sibuyan sea with little or no japanese air cover opposing them us carrier aircraft concentrated most of their attacks against musashi sinking her with about 19 torpedoes that caused heavy flooding which disabled her engineering dive bombers also scored around 17 bomb hits while an aerial torpedo crippled the heavy cruiser myōkō which was never repaired for the remainder of the war explosion of the battleship yamato after being attacked by us navy aircraft action continued in the pacific where the last notable torpedo bomber attack took place on 7 april 1945 avengers from yorktown were searching between okinawa and honshu for the japanese battleship yamato which was escorted by cruisers and destroyers her mission was to run aground on okinawa to provide floating heavy artillery for the defending troops in the expected allied seaborne invasion her 18 1 inch 460 mm guns could have created havoc among frail landing craft yamato and her sister the musashi were the largest most powerful battleships in the world the squadron led by lieutenant tom stetson found the cruiser which was the prime target already sinking so six planes were detached to attack the yamato instead one in which frederick e wicklund was the tail gunner and radar radio operator became detached from the formation whilst climbing in heavy cloud cover the pilot lieutenant grady jean asked each crewman in turn if they wished to make a solo attack which was likely to prove suicidal the crew referred the decision to the skipper who deftly dodged anti aircraft fire and 18 inch shell splashes from the yamato s big guns to release their torpedo wicklund had recalled from a briefing that the yamato had torpedo blisters to a depth of 22 ft 6 7 m so he crawled back in the fuselage to reset the torpedo s running depth from the 10 ft 3 0 m preset for the cruiser to 23 ft 7 0 m he later explained that he heard no command to do this and doubted whether the other five planes had done so in their case their torpedoes would have exploded harmlessly against the blisters a crewman photographed the explosion in which debris rose to their altitude of 300 feet 90 m possibly a torpedo had hit the fuel storage the yamato rolled over and sank with the loss of 90 percent of the crew the yorktown lost ten planes and twelve aircrew all pilots involved in the attack were awarded the navy medal and every crewman the distinguished flying cross 20 replacement and obsolescence edit the torpedoes in use during the early 20th century travelled under water at about 40 knots 74 km h 46 mph a speed easily matched by destroyers and even fast battleships which could make 32 knots 59 km h 37 mph consequently a skillful captain could often evade torpedoes for instance when hms repulse came under attack on 10 december 1941 she avoided 19 torpedoes before japanese aircraft attacked simultaneously from both forward quarters caltech developed the 5 in 130 mm holy moses high velocity aircraft rocket with a 24 lb 11 kg warhead for the us navy it was rushed to europe for use on d day and later used by navy aircraft in the pacific 21 multi role attack strike aircraft edit a japanese b7a ryusei comet torpedo dive bomber by the beginning of the second world war aircraft technology had increased to the extent that specialised torpedo bombers were no longer necessary multi role designs were often adapted from either single engined carrier based dive bombers like the aichi b7a ryusei curtiss sb2c helldiver and fairey barracuda or land based twin engined light bombers attack aircraft such as the bristol beaufighter douglas a 20c boston iiia junkers ju 88 and tupolev tu 2 a p 3 orion dropping an anti submarine torpedo as the war progressed single seat designs also emerged omitting the roles of gunner bombardier bomb aimer or observer this configuration was favoured by the us navy in particular and included the martin am mauler and douglas a 1 skyraider both of which could carry up to three torpedoes another concept the torpedo fighter also known as the strike fighter was intended to also have air superiority capabilities when it was not carrying or had dropped its torpedo however the radically differing requirements of these two roles created design constraints that made it difficult for a single design to excel at both while some torpedo fighters were put into production such as the fiat g 55s and blackburn firebrand they seldom launched torpedoes at enemy ships from 1946 the us navy officially discarded its separate designations for dive and torpedo bombers and introduced a single attack designation similar to that already used by the usaaf conversely the naval air services of the uk and other commonwealth countries persisted with specialised torpedo bombers such as the grumman avenger until the early 1960s while the importance of air launched torpedoes declined relative to anti ship missiles during the cold war and subsequently they were retained by many air services and are now generally delivered by anti submarine warfare and maritime patrol aircraft tactics edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2012 learn how and when to remove this message the japanese coordinated attack on the uss hornet during the battle of santa cruz one crucial limitation of a torpedo bomber was that it had to fly a long straight course at a constant altitude of 100 feet 30 m toward the target ship before launching its torpedo torpedoes were very complicated weapons and were prone to damage when landing on water especially on a wave they were ideally aimed at the bottom of a wave but this was difficult to achieve in practice during a torpedo run the attacking aircraft were easy targets for defending combat air patrol fighters furthermore torpedo planes were also highly vulnerable to anti aircraft fire anvil torpedo attack in the 1930s the imperial japanese navy developed the best way for torpedo bombers to achieve a hit they used an anvil attack in which two groups of torpedo planes approached the target ship s bow from behind at an angle of about 45 degrees clarification needed one on each side of the ship the torpedoes were to be launched at the same distance from the ship this would have ensured a hit no matter where the ship tried to maneuver in practice this kind of attack was difficult to coordinate and therefore extremely rare usually combat air patrols and anti aircraft fire quickly broke up approaching plane formations forcing each aircraft to attack on its own at pearl harbor the ships were lined up and basically stationary so the first attack wave of 40 torpedo bombers armed with type 91 torpedoes out of 183 planes were able to hit the ships broadside as the defenders were caught by surprise torpedo bombers were best used as part of a coordinated attack with other types of aircraft for instance during the attack on the battleship yamato fighter planes strafed the ship with machine guns to suppress its anti aircraft gun fire while dive bombers tried to cause havoc and inflict topside damage thus leaving the torpedo bombers unmolested in their attack runs in total it took 12 torpedoes and 8 bombs to destroy the pride of the imperial japanese navy another instance during the attack on battleship musashi fighter planes strafed the ship with machine guns to suppress its anti aircraft gun fire while dive bombers caused major topside damage she holds the distinction of taking 19 torpedoes and 17 bombs before she sank to the bottom of the sibuyan sea however if the attackers failed to achieve air superiority or surprise torpedo bombers suffered heavy losses regardless of whether the type was obsolete or not this is best exemplified at the battle of midway where air group eight s dive bombers missed the japanese carriers 22 torpedo squadron 8 vt 8 from hornet led by lieutenant commander john c waldron sighted the enemy carriers and attacked without any coordination with dive bombers or fighter cover without fighter escort every tbd devastator of vt 8 was shot down without inflicting any damage with ensign george h gay jr being the only survivor vt 8 was followed by torpedo squadron 6 vt 6 from enterprise vt 6 met nearly the same fate with no hits to show for its effort torpedo squadron 3 from yorktown then followed the same routine despite vt 3 having six grumman f4f wildcat fighter escorts the japanese combat air patrol flying the much faster mitsubishi a6m2 zeros made short work of the unescorted slow under armed tbd torpedo bombers a few tbds managed to get within a few ship lengths range of their targets before dropping their torpedoes at the battle of the santa cruz islands in 1942 the nakajima b5n kate despite being in service since 1935 9 played a key role in sinking uss hornet while the new grumman tbf avenger torpedo bombers failed to hit a fleet carrier when the targets were ships able to maneuver at high speed and hence much harder to hit torpedoes proved less effective except in cases when the crews launching them were especially well trained still even a single torpedo hit on an enemy warship could cripple it decisively especially in the case of vessels without an armored belt cruisers and aircraft carriers often had torpedo blisters but these were not as extensive as those of battleships even on heavily armored battleships there was nothing to protect the rudder and propellers at the stern as was demonstrated in the cases of the bismarck and hms prince of wales and hms repulse and few had their protective belt extend to the extremities and a hole made in the bow could be forced wider from the pressure of the water which could buckle and crush unarmored internal bulkheads which worked against musashi and yamato notable torpedo bomber pilots edit carlo emanuele buscaglia george h w bush kenneth campbell charles edmonds eugene esmonde mitsuo fuchida george h gay jr john kelvin koelsch john moffat ulvert m moore vasily minakov john c waldron see also edit list of torpedo bombers references edit chant chris the world s great bombers barnes and noble new york 1990 isbn 978 0 7607 2012 7 us patent 1032394 roskill steven wentworth documents relating to the royal naval air service 1908 18 navy records society london 1969 barnes c h shorts aircraft 1914 18 putnam london 1957 1 2 jackson 1993 p 20 goodall mike wight elephants murray sueter s quest for a large military aircraft air enthusiast no 73 january february 1998 stamford lincs uk key publishing issn 0143 5450 bruce j m the short 184 profile publications leatherhead england 2001 layman r d naval aviation in the first world war its impact and influence caxton london 2002 isbn 1 84067 314 1 1 2 david donald ed the complete encyclopaedia of world aircraft noble and barnes new york 1977 isbn 0 7607 0592 5 stephen martin grove eric ed 1988 sea battles of world war two in close up ian allan shepperton england isbn 0 7110 1596 1 1 2 3 robertson bruce beaufort special ian allan shepperton england 1976 churchill the grand alliance p 268 graham rhys jones the loss of the bismarck p 184 190 peattie mark r sunburst the rise of japanese naval air power 1909 41 naval institute press 1991 isbn 1 59114 664 x stephen martin sea battles in close up shepperton england ian allan 1988 doll thomas e the douglas tbd devastator profile publications leatherhead england 1967 buell thomas b the quiet warrior a biography of admiral raymond a spruance annapolis md naval institute press 1987 isbn 978 0 87021 562 9 prange gordon william et al miracle at midway viking new york 1983 isbn 0 14 006814 7 schom alan the eagle and the rising sun the japanese american war 1941 43 norton and co 2004 isbn 0 393 32628 4 the real story of the yamato sinking march 6 2008 edition of grosse pointe news grosse pointe detroit michigan parsch andreas us air launched 5 inch rockets 2006 mrazek robert a dawn like thunder testimony from surviving pilots external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to torpedo bomber v t e modern military aircraft types and roles types airship balloon fixed wing glider helicopter unmanned uav stealth roles combat airborne early warning and control aew c aeronaval carrier maritime patrol navalised seaplane attack counter insurgency gunship bomber heavy bomber light bomber medium bomber strategic penetrator pathfinder close air 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