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texandria wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 name 2 history 3 references toggle references subsection 3 1 footnotes 3 2 citations 3 3 bibliography toggle the table of contents texandria 16 languages afrikaans български čeština dansk deutsch español français italiano limburgs plattdüütsch nederlands português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from toxandria ancient and medieval region of the netherlands and belgium texandria also toxiandria later toxandria taxandria note 1 is a region mentioned in the 4th century ad and during the middle ages it was situated in the southern part of the modern netherlands and in the northern part of present day belgium an area currently known as campine kempen in dutch name edit the tribal name texandri which may be related to the name of the region 1 is mentioned as texand ri by an inscription dated 100 225 ad as texuandri by pliny 1st c ad 2 and perhaps as texu on an inscription from romania dated 102 103 ad 3 the variant form toxiandria is only attested once in a 9th century manuscript of ammianus marcellinus res gestae ca 390 to designate the region and the variant taxandria occurs five times in 9th century sources and also in later documents 3 the inconsistencies in spelling may be explained by dittography errors by copyists or by the fact that the older form texandria had fallen out of usage 3 4 the name texandria is generally assumed to derive from the proto germanic stem tehswō n right hand south cf old saxon tesewa gothic taihswa right south attached to the contrasting suffix dra 5 6 1 texandria may thus be interpreted as the land of the southerners 1 history edit the region of texandria is first mentioned by the roman historian ammianus marcellinus ca 390 ad 4 in the 380s the salian franks after being defeated by julian ca 358 were given permission to settle apud toxiandriam locum at a place in toxiandria 7 texandria in a map of western europe 919 1125 between 709 and ca 1100 the name texandria was used to designate an area in the modern region of campine straddling southern netherlands and northern belgium in sources of the period 709 795 the pagus texandrie appears concentrated in the basin of the river dommel and its tributaries with a first cluster of settlement between alphen in the west and waalre in the east and a second cluster to the south around overpelt 7 as a result of a growing elite network of alliances texandria expanded between 815 and 914 to a region covering modern north brabant and adjacent parts of the provinces of antwerp and limburg possibly between oosterhout laakdal and reppel 8 in the mid 11th century stepelinus a monk from saint trond located the region of campania firstly attested in this document within texandria 9 from ca 1225 campania modern campine replaced texandria as the name of the region the latter had nonetheless survived as the name of a vast archdeaconry within the diocese of liège although it was eventually also replaced with campania by the end of the 14th century then disappeared from historical records 10 note 2 references edit footnotes edit bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 41 it was only later that antiquarians started to use texandria again or more often the later variants taxandria or toxandria to denote kempenland or the kempen region which today straddles the dutch belgian border bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 41 the name texandria temporarily lived on as the name of a vast archdeaconry within the diocese of liège although this name was replaced by campinia by the end of the fourteenth century by then the duke of brabant ruled there after he had made his way north and gradually expanded his properties and power across the present day provinces of antwerp and north brabant in the second half of the twelfth and the first decades of the thirteenth centuries the ducal administration never used the name texandria but from about 1225 referred to campinia or kempinia instead perhaps because texandria was associated too much with the bishop of liège the duke s hereditary enemy this meant that this name eventually disappeared from the record citations edit 1 2 3 bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 36 pliny naturalis historia 4 106 1 2 3 bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 37 1 2 von petrikovits 1999 p 95 gysseling 1960 pp 956 958 neumann 1999 p 116 1 2 bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 35 bijsterveld toorians 2018 pp 37 41 bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 40 bijsterveld toorians 2018 p 41 bibliography edit bijsterveld arnoud jan a toorians lauran 2018 texandria revisited in search of a territory lost in time rural riches royal rags studies on medieval and modern archaeology presented to frans theuws spa uitgevers 34 42 gysseling maurits 1960 toponymisch woordenboek van belgië nederland luxemburg noord frankrijk en west duitsland vóór 1226 in dutch belgisch interuniversitair centrum voor neerlandistiek neumann günter 1999 germani cisrhenani die aussage der namen in beck h geuenich d steuer h eds germanenprobleme in heutiger sicht walter de gruyter isbn 978 3110164381 von petrikovits harald 1999 germani cisrhenani in beck h geuenich d steuer h eds germanenprobleme in heutiger sicht walter de gruyter isbn 978 3110164381 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title texandria oldid 1331737145 categories netherlands in the roman era former states in the low countries hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 dutch language sources nl this page was last edited on 7 january 2026 at 23 02 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents texandria 16 languages add topic