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lly founded near the site of celtic oppida 43 the 3rd century saw the danube river become the principal artery of trade eclipsing the amber road and other commercial routes 1 the redirection of investment to the danubian forts saw the towns along the amber road growing slowly though yet retaining their prosperity 44 the prolonged struggle between the romans and the barbarians further left its mark on the towns along the amber road 45 via maris edit the via maris purple king s highway red and other ancient levantine trade routes c 1300 bce main article via maris via maris literally latin for the way of the sea 46 was an ancient highway used by the romans and the crusaders 47 the states controlling the via maris were in a position to grant access for trade to their own citizens and collect tolls from the outsiders to maintain the trade route 48 the name via maris is a latin translation of a hebrew phrase related to isaiah 47 due to the biblical significance of this ancient route many attempts to find its present day location have been made by christian pilgrims 47 13th century traveler and pilgrim burchard of mount zion refers to the via maris route as a way leading along the shore of the sea of galilee 47 trans saharan trade edit main article trans saharan trade saharan trade routes circa 1400 with the modern territory of niger highlighted tuareg people who exercised influence over the trans saharan trade 49 early muslim writings confirm that the people of west africa operated a sophisticated network of trade usually under the authority of a monarch who levied taxes and provided bureaucratic and military support to his kingdom 50 sophisticated mechanisms for the economic and political development of the involved african areas were in place before islam further strengthened trade towns and government in western africa 50 the capital court and trade of the region find mention in the works of scholar abū ubayd abd allāh al bakrī the mainstay of the trans saharan trade was gold and salt 50 the powerful saharan tribes berber in origin and later adapting to muslim and arab cultures controlled the channels to western africa by making efficient use of horse drawn vehicles and pack animals 50 the songhai engaged in a struggle against the sa di dynasty of morocco over the control of the trans saharan trade resulting in damage on both sides and a weak moroccan victory further strengthening the uninvolved saharan tribes 50 struggles and disturbances continued till the 14th century by which the mandé merchants were trading with the hausa between lake chad and the niger 50 newer trade routes developed following extension of trade 50 predominantly maritime routes edit austronesian maritime trade network edit see also lingling o marshall islands stick chart micronesian navigation polynesian navigation sa huynh kalanay interaction sphere and nusantao maritime trading and communication network austronesian proto historic and historic maritime trade network in the indian ocean 51 long distance maritime trade in the indian ocean were first established by the austronesian peoples of island southeast asia 52 51 they established trade routes with southern india and sri lanka as early as 1500 bce ushering an exchange of material culture like catamarans outrigger boats sewn plank boats and paan and cultigens like coconuts sandalwood bananas sugarcane cloves and nutmeg as well as connecting the material cultures of india and china 53 54 55 14 they constituted the majority of the indian ocean component of the spice trade network indonesians in particular were trading in spices mainly cinnamon and cassia with east africa using catamaran and outrigger boats and sailing with the help of the westerlies in the indian ocean this trade network expanded to reach as far as africa and the arabian peninsula resulting in the austronesian colonization of madagascar by the first half of the first millennium ce disputed discuss it continued up to historic times later becoming the maritime silk road 51 13 14 56 57 this trade network also included smaller trade routes within island southeast asia including the lingling o jade network and the trepanging network in eastern austronesia various traditional maritime trade networks also existed among them was the ancient lapita trade network of island melanesia 58 the hiri trade cycle sepik coast exchange and the kula ring of papua new guinea 58 the ancient trading voyages in micronesia between the mariana islands and the caroline islands and possibly also new guinea and the philippines 59 and the vast inter island trade networks of polynesia 60 roman india routes edit main articles roman trade with india and indo mediterranean roman trade with india according to the periplus maris erythraei 1st century ce the ptolemaic dynasty 305 to 30 bce had initiated greco roman maritime trade contact with india using the red sea ports 61 the roman historian strabo mentions a vast increase in trade following the roman annexation of egypt indicating that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time 62 by the time of augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from myos hormos to india 63 trading in a diverse variety of goods 64 arsinoe 65 berenice troglodytica and myos hormos were the principal roman ports involved in this maritime trading network 66 while the indian ports included barbaricum barygaza muziris and arikamedu 64 the indians were present in alexandria 67 and the christian and jewish settlers from rome continued to live in india long after the fall of the roman empire 68 which resulted in rome s loss of the red sea ports 69 previously used to secure trade with india by the greco roman world since the time of the ptolemaic dynasty 65 hanseatic trade edit main article hanseatic league main trading routes of the hanseatic league shortly before the 12th century the germans played a relatively modest role in the north european trade 70 however this was to change with the development of hanseatic trade as a result of which german traders became prominent in the baltic and the north sea regions 71 following the death of eric vi of denmark german forces attacked and sacked denmark bringing with them artisans and merchants under the new administration which controlled the hansa regions 72 during the third quarter of the 14th century the hanseatic trade faced two major difficulties economic conflict with the flanders and hostilities with denmark 3 these events led to the formation of an organized association of hanseatic towns which replaced the earlier union of german merchants 3 this new hansa of the towns aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade was prominent for the next hundred and fifty years 3 philippe dollinger associates the downfall of the hansa to a new alliance between lübeck hamburg and bremen which outshadowed the older institution 73 he further sets the date of dissolution of the hansa at 1630 73 and concludes that the hansa was almost entirely forgotten by the end of the 18th century 74 scholar georg friedrich sartorius published the first monograph regarding the community in the early years of the 19th century 74 from the varangians to the greek edit main article trade route from the varangians to the greeks the trade route from the varangians to the greeks russian путь из варяг в греки put iz varyag v greki swedish vägen från varjagerna till grekerna greek εμπορική οδός βαράγγων ελλήνων emporikḗ odós varángōn ellḗnōn was a trade route that connected scandinavia kievan rus and the byzantine empire the route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with byzantium and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present day belarus russia and ukraine the route began in scandinavian trading centres such as birka hedeby and gotland crossed the baltic sea entered the gulf of finland followed the neva river into the lake ladoga then it followed the volkhov river upstream past the towns of staraya ladoga and velikiy novgorod crossed lake ilmen and up the lovat river from there ships had to be portaged to the dnieper river near gnezdovo a second route from the baltic to the dnieper was along the western dvina daugava between the lovat and the dnieper in the smolensk region and along the kasplya river to gnezdovo along the dnieper the route crossed several major rapids and passed through kiev and after entering the black sea followed its west coast to constantinople maritime republics mediterranean trade edit further information maritime republics genoese red and venetian green maritime trade routes in the mediterranean the economic growth of europe around the year 1000 together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes eased the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the mediterranean the growing independence of some coastal cities gave them a leading role in this commerce maritime republics italian repubbliche marinare venice genoa amalfi pisa gaeta ancona and ragusa 75 developed their own empires in the mediterranean shores from the 8th until the 15th century venetian and genoese merchants held the monopoly of european trade with the middle east the silk and spice trade involving spices incense herbs drugs and opium made these mediterranean city states phenomenally rich spices were among the most expensive and demanded products of the middle ages they were all imported from asia and africa muslim traders mainly descendants of arab sailors from yemen and oman controlled maritime routes throughout the indian ocean tapping source regions in the far east and shipping for trading emporiums in india westward to ormus in persian gulf and jeddah in the red sea from there overland routes led to the mediterranean coasts venetian merchants distributed then the goods through europe until the rise of the ottoman empire that eventually led to the fall of constantinople in 1453 barring europeans from important combined land sea routes spice route edit main article spice trade portuguese india armadas and trade routes blue since vasco da gama s 1498 journey and the spanish manila acapulco galleons trade routes white established in 1568 as trade between india and the greco roman world increased 76 spices became the main import from india to the western world 77 bypassing silk and other commodities 78 the indian commercial connection with south east asia proved vital to the merchants of arabia and persia during the 7th and 8th centuries 79 the abbasids used alexandria damietta aden and siraf as entry ports to india and china 80 merchants arriving from india in the port city of aden paid tribute in form of musk camphor ambergris and sandalwood to ibn ziyad the sultan of yemen 80 moluccan products shipped across the ports of arabia to the near east passed through the ports of india and sri lanka 81 indian exports of spices find mention in the works of ibn khurdadhbeh 850 ce al ghafiqi 1150 ishak bin imaran 907 and al kalkashandi 14th century 81 after reaching either the indian or the sri lankan ports spices were sometimes shipped to east africa where they were used for many purposes including burial rites 81 on the orders of manuel i of portugal four vessels under the command of navigator vasco da gama rounded the cape of good hope continuing to the eastern coast of africa to malindi to sail across the indian ocean to calicut 82 the wealth of the indies was now open for the europeans to explore the portuguese empire was one of the early european empires to grow from spice trade 82 maritime jade road edit main article maritime jade road lingling o designs from the philippines the maritime jade road was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in southeast and east asia its primary products were made of jade mined from taiwan by animist taiwanese indigenous peoples and processed mostly in the philippines by animist indigenous filipinos especially in batanes luzon and palawan some were also processed in vietnam while the peoples of malaysia brunei singapore thailand indonesia and cambodia also participated in the massive animist led trading network participants in the network at the time had a majority animist population the maritime road is one of the most extensive sea based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world it was in existence for at least 3 000 years where its peak production was from 2000 bce to 500 ce older than the silk road in mainland eurasia or the later maritime silk road a notable artifact that the trading network made the lingling o artifacts were made by artisans around 500 bce the network began to wane during its final centuries from 500 ce until 1000 ce the entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse animist societies of the region 83 84 85 86 maritime silk road edit main article maritime silk road map of the maritime silk road the maritime silk road refers to the maritime section of historic silk road that connects china southeast asia the indian subcontinent arabian peninsula somalia and all the way to egypt and finally europe it flourished between 2nd century bce and 15th century ce 87 despite its association with china in recent centuries the maritime silk road was primarily established and operated by austronesian sailors in southeast asia and by persian and arab traders in the arabian sea 88 the maritime silk road developed from the earlier austronesian spice trade networks of islander southeast asians with sri lanka and southern india established 1000 to 600 bce as well as the earlier maritime jade road known for lingling o artifacts in southeast asia based in taiwan and the philippines 12 14 for most of its history austronesian thalassocracies controlled the flow of the maritime silk road especially the polities around the straits of malacca and bangka the malay peninsula and the mekong delta although chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being indian due to the indianization of these regions prior to the 10th century the route was primarily used by southeast asian traders although tamil and persian traders also sailed them 88 the route was influential in the early spread of hinduism and buddhism to the east 89 china later built its own fleets starting from the song dynasty in the 10th century participating directly in the trade route up until the end of the colonial era and the collapse of the qing dynasty 88 modern routes edit map of the arctic region showing the northeast passage the northern sea route within it and the northwest passage the modern times saw development of newer means of transport and often controversial free trade agreements which altered the political and logistical approach prevalent during the middle ages newer means of transport led to the establishment of new routes and countries opened up borders to allow trade in mutually agreed goods as per the prevailing free trade agreement some old trading rout...