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traditional transmission wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 social groups 2 significance 3 controversy and criticism 4 references toggle the table of contents traditional transmission 1 language español edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia design features of a language traditional transmission also called cultural transmission is one of the 13 design features of language developed by anthropologist charles f hockett to distinguish the features of human language from that of animal communication critically animal communication might display some of the thirteen features but never all of them it is typically considered as one of the crucial characteristics distinguishing human from animal communication and provides significant support for the argument that language is learned socially within a community and not inborn where the acquisition of information is via the avenue of genetic inheritance in essence the idea of traditional transmission details the process by which language is passed down from one generation to the next in this manner it is often also referred to as cultural transmission where it is a mechanism of iterated learning common processes would include imitation or teaching the model purports that present learners acquire the cultural behaviour that is language in this instance by observing similar behaviours in others who acquired the language the same way 1 this is an important distinction made in the scientific american the origin of speech where hockett defines traditional transmission as the detailed conventions of any one language are transmitted extra genetically by learning and teaching 2 while culture is not unique to the human species the way it exhibits itself as language in human society is very distinctive 3 and one key trait of this uniqueness is the element of social groups social groups edit traditional transmission is exemplified by the sociological context of social groups american sociologist c h cooley classifies social groups on the basis of contact in primary groups in his paper social organization 1909 he describes primary groups family playgroups neighborhoods community of elders as those characterized by intimate face to face association and cooperation 4 although there are other types of classifications by other sociologists cooley s classification and description is more applicable to the concept of traditional transmission the idea of intimate interactions aligns with how the language is transmitted from the parents to their next generation on a fundamental level consequently following this line of thought social groups play an integral role in the transmission of language from one generation to the next in support of this notion the importance of social groups in traditional transmission is illustrated in the presence of social isolation and children end up with an inability to effectively acquire a language a child raised in social isolation would be commonly known as a feral child wild child the following examples showcase a few classic case studies of rescued wild children who have gone through language deprivation and form credible support for the argument of traditional transmission some commonly known examples include 1 anna born in 1932 anna from pennsylvania was raised in private due to illegitimacy kept hidden and trapped in an attic malnourished and unable to move till she was rescued at six years old this resulted in her lack of language ability once rescued anna received linguistic input and showed aptitude for understanding instructions but ultimately never acquired speaking 2 genie born in 1957 genie remains one of the most prominent examples of linguistically isolated children ever studied only rescued at 13 years of age genie was inadequately exposed to language input and demonstrated no language ability upon rescue yet with linguistic input that came from her social circles then genie gradually acquired communication albeit neither fluent nor smooth 3 victor of aveyron born in 1788 victor was one of the earliest feral children studied rescued at 12 he ran away from civilisation eight times and his case was eventually undertaken by a young medical student who tried to train him to communicate victor showed impressive progress with reading and comprehension of simple words however he never progressed beyond a rudimentary level significance edit a key consideration when it comes to traditional transmission and why it is a significant milestone in language acquisition is its influence on language learning patterns traditional transmission denotes naturally that learning is acquired through social interactions and built upon by teaching and enforcement this influences research when it comes to language learning patterns impacting our understanding of human cognition as well as language structure compellingly it also determines the direction of how language should be taught and passed down from the standpoint of traditional transmission where language manifests as a socially learned culturally transmitted system language acquisition is mechanical and is directly affected by the present environment the individual is placed in this removes the premise of language acquisition from that of a biological construct instead of having to biologically explain traditional transmission it introduces the possibility that the design features of language itself stem from traditional transmission of course for the above to be significant it means that languages engage in cultural selection for learnability where an assumption of innateness is inconsequential and languages adapt over time due to a need for survival 5 the above plays a major role in the study of languages especially in their properties structure and how it developed with time or throughout human history to be the system it is today providing valuable insights into language and the human race language and the human cognition as well as language and its path to survival traditional transmission as a design feature is also significant in that it purports that while some aspects of language could possibly be inborn the human race crucially acquires their language ability from other speakers this is distinct from many animal communication systems because most animals are born with the innate knowledge and skills necessary for survival for example honey bees have an inborn ability to perform and understand the waggle dance citation needed controversy and criticism edit the main argument to the validity of traditional transmission has always been one of social versus biological construct the concept of language being taught and learnt socially rather than being an innate instinct has been a minefield of debate for years specifically the idea of language being taught extra genetically has been met with countless criticism these criticisms mostly stem from the proponents of the american linguist noam chomsky and his school of thought chomsky was a supporter of generative grammar 6 he and his followers believed that humans possess the innate ability for the learning and acquisition of languages this theory assumes an inborn capacity for language where language learning takes place from a place of priming as such chomsky s view is that humans invariably have a certain language input at birth and therefore language learning after happens as enforcement based on the already present structure of grammar in the individual chomsky also introduced the concept of linguistic competence as the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language to further support the idea of generative grammar linguistic competence as opposed to linguistic performance what is actually uttered focuses on the mental states thought processes and representations related to language linguistic performance on the other hand is defined by chomsky as the tangible use of language in concrete situations and circumstances 7 it involves the ideas of production and comprehension of language the main distinction between performance and competence is the variable of speech errors where one might have full competence of language but yet still succumb to speech errors in performance because competence and performance are fundamentally two different aspects of language related to generative grammar chomsky also proposed the idea of a universal grammar 8 where he postulates that a specific set of structural rules of language are universal for all human languages which is also a very much controversial topic discussed widely one of them being the prominent paper by evans and levinson 2009 9 specifically chomsky believed that the reason that children acquired language so easily is due to the innate predisposition of language principles which then enables them to master complex language operations this in particular is controversial to the ideas of traditional transmission which posits cultural learning and transmission across generations as the tool children capitalise on to acquire language all in all chomsky s ideas and theories have served as the main opposing view to hockett s design features remaining highly controversial and a dominant area of research in the linguistics field of studies even till today on another front in the domain of evolutionary linguistics wacewicz żywiczyński have argued on the whole against hockett s design features and why his perspective is largely incompatible to modern language evolution research for traditional transmission they argue that the problem with cultural traditional transmission so conceived is that again it has to do purely with the properties of the medium i e the vocal patterns per their argument this is only superficially if at all related to what truly counts about human cultural transmission in their paper they suggest that comparative research into areas such as critical periods of the acquisition of vocalizations marler and peters 1987 10 and other areas of vocal learning might raise alternative views that have relevance to language evolution 11 hence their criticisms towards traditional transmission seem to point at an alternate idea of the innate ability in humans for language instead of being solely dependent on extra genetic transmission via learning and teaching references edit thompson bill smith kenny 2015 01 01 evolution and language cultural transmission in wright james d ed international encyclopedia of the social behavioral sciences second edition elsevier pp 357 363 doi 10 1016 b978 0 08 097086 8 81067 3 isbn 978 0 08 097087 5 retrieved 2020 03 31 hockett charles f 1960 the origin of speech scientific american 203 89 97 whiten andrew september 2005 the second inheritance system of chimpanzees and humans nature 437 7055 52 55 bibcode 2005natur 437 52w doi 10 1038 nature04023 issn 0028 0836 pmid 16136127 s2cid 4389773 cooley c h 1909 social organization a study of the larger mind charles scribner s sons smith kenny kirby simon 2008 11 12 cultural evolution implications for understanding the human language faculty and its evolution philosophical transactions of the royal society b biological sciences 363 1509 3591 3603 doi 10 1098 rstb 2008 0145 issn 0962 8436 pmc 2607345 pmid 18801718 everaert m b h huybregts marinus chomsky noam berwick robert bolhuis johan 2015 11 09 structures not strings linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences trends in cognitive sciences xx 12 729 743 doi 10 1016 j tics 2015 09 008 pmid 26564247 s2cid 3648651 matthews p h 2007 01 01 performance the concise oxford dictionary of linguistics oxford university press doi 10 1093 acref 9780199202720 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 920272 0 retrieved 2020 04 23 tool module chomsky s universal grammar thebrain mcgill ca retrieved 2020 04 23 evans nicholas levinson stephen c october 2009 the myth of language universals language diversity and its importance for cognitive science behavioral and brain sciences 32 5 429 448 doi 10 1017 s0140525x0999094x hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0012 c29e 4 issn 0140 525x pmid 19857320 marler peter peters susan 1987 a sensitive period for song acquisition in the song sparrow melospiza melodia a case of age limited learning ethology 76 2 89 100 doi 10 1111 j 1439 0310 1987 tb00675 x issn 1439 0310 wacewicz s żywiczyński p language evolution why hockett s design features are a non starter biosemiotics 8 29 46 2015 doi 10 1007 s12304 014 9203 2 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title traditional_transmission oldid 1376244402 category linguistics hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from may 2020 this page was last edited on 23 september 2026 at 00 35 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents traditional 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