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ence the decisions at all levels in society 17 politics edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2011 learn how and when to remove this message a 2011 plaque recognizing the municipality of santa barbara pangasinan for its efforts in advancing the principles of accountability and transparency in local governance the right and the means to examine the process of decision making is known as transparency in politics transparency is used as a means of holding public officials accountable and fighting corruption when a government s meetings are open to the press and the public its budgets may be reviewed by anyone and its laws and decisions are open to discussion it is seen as transparent it is not clear however if this provides less opportunity for the authorities to abuse the system for their own interests 18 when military authorities classify their plans as secret transparency is absent this can be seen as either positive or negative positive because it can increase national security negative because it can lead to corruption and in extreme cases a military dictatorship while a liberal democracy can be a plutocracy where decisions are made behind locked doors and the people have fewer possibilities to influence politics between the elections a participative democracy is more closely connected to the will of the people citation needed participative democracy built on transparency and everyday participation has been used officially in northern europe for decades in the northern european country sweden public access to government documents became a law as early as 1766 it has officially been adopted as an ideal to strive for by the rest of the eu leading to measures like freedom of information laws and laws for lobby transparency to promote transparency in politics hans peter martin paul van buitenen europa transparant and ashley mote decided to cooperate under the name platform for transparency pft in 2005 similar organizations that promote transparency are transparency international and the sunlight foundation a recent political movement to emerge in conjunction with the demands for transparency is the pirate party a label for a number of political parties across different countries who advocate freedom of information direct democracy network neutrality and the free sharing of knowledge online culture edit 21st century culture affords a higher level of public transparency than ever before and actually requires it in many cases modern technology and associated culture shifts have changed how government works see wikileaks what information people can find out about each other and the ability of politicians to stay in office if they are involved in sex scandals due to the digital revolution people no longer have a high level of control over what is public information leading to a tension between the values of transparency and privacy 19 research edit scholarly research in any academic discipline may also be labeled as partly transparent or open research if some or all relevant aspects of the research are open in the sense of open source 20 open access and open data 21 thereby facilitating social recognition and accountability of the scholars who did the research and replication by others interested in the matters addressed by it 22 some mathematicians and scientists are critical of using closed source mathematical software such as mathematica for mathematical proofs because these do not provide transparency and thus are not verifiable 23 open source software such as sagemath aims to solve this problem 24 technology edit in the computer software world open source software concerns the creation of software to which access to the underlying source code is freely available this permits use study and modification without restriction in computer security the debate is ongoing as to the relative merits of the full disclosure of security vulnerabilities versus a security by obscurity approach there is a different perhaps almost opposite sense of transparency in human computer interaction whereby a system after change adheres to its previous external interface as much as possible while changing its internal behaviour that is a change in a system is transparent to its users if the change is unnoticeable to them sports edit sports has become a global business over the last century and here too initiatives ranging from mandatory drug testing to the fighting of sports related corruption are gaining ground based on the transparent activities in other domains 25 failed verification criticism edit sigmund freud following friedrich nietzsche on truth and lie in a nonmoral sense regularly argues that transparency is impossible because of the occluding function of the unconscious among philosophical and literary works that have examined the idea of transparency are michel foucault s discipline and punish or david brin s the transparent society the german philosopher and media theorist byung chul han in his 2012 work transparenzgesellschaft sees transparency as a cultural norm created by neoliberal market forces which he understands as the insatiable drive toward voluntary disclosure bordering on the pornographic according to han the dictates of transparency enforce a totalitarian system of openness at the expense of other social values such as shame secrecy and trust he was criticized for his concepts as they would suggest corrupt politics and for referring to the anti democratic carl schmitt 26 anthropologists have long explored ethnographically the relation between revealed and concealed knowledges and have increasingly taken up the topic in relation to accountability transparency and conspiracy theories and practices today 27 28 29 todd sanders and harry west for example suggest not only that realms of the revealed and concealed require each other but also that transparency in practice produces the very opacities it claims to obviate 30 clare birchall christina gaarsten mikkel flyverbom emmanuel alloa and mark fenster among others write in the vein of critical transparency studies which attempts to challenge particular orthodoxies concerning transparency in an article birchall assessed whether the ascendance of transparency as an ideal limits political thinking particularly for western socialists and radicals struggling to seize opportunities for change she argues that the promotion of datapreneurial activity through open data initiatives outsources and interrupts the political contract between governed and government she is concerned that the dominant model of governmental data driven transparency produces neoliberal subjectivities that reduce the possibility of politics as an arena of dissent between real alternatives she suggests that the radical left might want to work with and reinvent secrecy as an alternative to neoliberal transparency 31 researchers at the university of oxford and warwick business school found that transparency can also have significant unintended consequences in the field of medical care gerry mcgivern 32 and michael d fischer 33 found media spectacles and transparent regulation combined to create spectacular transparency which has some perverse effects on doctors practice and increased defensive behaviour in doctors and their staff 34 35 similarly in a four year organizational study fischer and ferlie found that transparency in the context of a clinical risk management can act perversely to undermine ethical behavior leading to organizational crisis and even collapse 36 see also edit access to public information ethical banking lobbying market transparency open government open science open society public record transparency of media ownership in europe whistleblower whitewash references edit opening government a guide to best practice in transparency accountability and civic engagement across the public sector pdf transparency initiative transparency accountability initiative archived from the original pdf on february 18 2017 retrieved september 11 2015 norway divided by citizen wealth tables the new york times october 23 2009 retrieved 22 november 2009 treanor jill 22 november 2009 government retreats over naming bank top earners top 20 highest paid employees now unlikely to be identified unless they have boardroom roles the guardian retrieved 22 november 2009 krishnankutty pia 2020 09 28 all about tax returns by us presidents and how trump broke a 47 year old custom theprint retrieved 2021 03 14 buettner russ craig susanne mcintire mike 2020 09 27 trump s taxes show chronic losses and years of income tax avoidance the new york times issn 0362 4331 retrieved 2021 03 14 disis jill 2017 01 23 presidential tax returns it started with nixon will it end with trump cnnmoney archived from the original on january 23 2017 retrieved 2021 03 14 distaso marcia w bortree denise sevick 2014 ethical practice of social media in public relations routledge p 23 isbn 978 1 317 91790 8 preview bernardi richard a lacross catherine c april 2005 corporate transparency code of ethics disclosures the cpa journal new york state society of the certified public accountants cpa rh ministerium hätte omv gasverträge einsehen müssen news orf at in austrian german 2025 01 10 retrieved 2025 01 10 behörden sollen ihre einsichtsrechte bei erdgasunternehmen durchsetzen der rechnungshof in austrian german retrieved 2025 01 10 omv gibt die sofortige kündigung des österreichischen liefervertrags mit gazprom export bekannt www omv com in austrian german retrieved 2025 01 10 1 2 francesch huidobro maria 2008 governance politics and the environment a singapore study institute of southeast asian studies iseas p 60 isbn 978 981 230 831 3 preview is gri too much transparency for ngos prizma march 27 2011 our accountability commitments transparency ingo accountability charter archived from the original on 2015 03 29 walker james w st g thompson andrew s february 21 2008 critical mass the emergence of global civil society wilfrid laurier univ press isbn 978 1 55458 022 4 via google books charte des ong ngo charter one world trust 1997 archived from the original on 2011 09 28 moeller susan d et al openness accountability a study of transparency in global media outlets studies international center for media and the public agenda icmpa archived from the original on 2008 05 15 mattozzi andrea merlo antonio may 2007 the transparency of politics and the quality of politicians pdf american economic review 97 2 311 315 doi 10 1257 aer 97 2 311 pdf archived 2018 03 09 at the wayback machine solove daniel j 2004 the digital person technology and privacy in the information age nyu press p 140 isbn 978 0 8147 9846 1 rocchini duccio neteler markus june 2012 let the four freedoms paradigm apply to ecology trends in ecology evolution 27 6 310 311 doi 10 1016 j tree 2012 03 009 pmid 22521137 wissenschaftsrat home wissenschaftsrat de archived from the original on 2010 04 17 peerenboom e 2002 transparent science embo reports 3 1 9 11 doi 10 1093 embo reports kvf018 pmc 1083937 pmid 11799051 mathematica and free software everything2 com free software brings affordability transparency to mathematics physorg com transparency in sport transparencyinsport org kraft steffen 7 june 2012 klarheit schaffen der freitag in german retrieved 3 july 2012 strathern m 2000 audit cultures anthropological studies in accountability ethics and the academy london routledge hetherington k 2011 guerrilla auditors the politics of transparency in neoliberal paraguay durham nc duke university press ballestero s andrea 2012 readcube for researchers pdf readcube com 35 2 160 166 doi 10 1111 j 1555 2934 2012 01196 x hdl 1911 79642 sanders todd harry g west 2003 powers revealed and concealed in the new world order in h g west t sanders eds transparency and conspiracy ethnographies of suspicion in the new world order durham nc duke university press p 16 birchall clare december 2011 transparency interrupted secrets of the left theory culture society 28 7 8 60 84 doi 10 1177 0263276411423040 s2cid 144862855 gerry mcgivern university of warwick academia edu michael d fischer university of oxford academia edu mcgivern gerry fischer michael d 2010 medical regulation spectacular transparency and the blame business journal of health organization and management 24 6 597 610 doi 10 1108 14777261011088683 pmid 21155435 mcgivern gerry fischer michael d 1 february 2012 reactivity and reactions to regulatory transparency in medicine psychotherapy and counselling pdf social science medicine 74 3 289 296 doi 10 1016 j socscimed 2011 09 035 pmid 22104085 fischer michael d ferlie ewan 1 january 2013 resisting hybridization between modes of clinical risk management contradiction contest and the production of intractable conflict accounting organizations and society 38 1 30 49 doi 10 1016 j aos 2012 11 002 s2cid 44146410 further reading edit emmanuel alloa dieter thomä eds transparency society and subjectivity critical perspectives basingstoke uk palgravemacmillan 2018 emmanuel alloa ed this obscure thing called transparency politics and aesthetics of a contemporary metaphor leuven belgium leuven university press 2022 michael schudson the rise of the right to know politics and the culture of transparency 1945 1973 cambridge ma harvard university press 2015 v t e social and environmental accountability ethics and principles aarhus convention climate justice corporate accountability behaviour environmental responsibility responsibility social responsibility dirty hands environmental racism in russia in the united states in western europe inequality in the uk injustice in europe ethical banking ethical code extended producer responsibility externality harm little eichmanns loss and damage organizational ethics organizational justice pollution principles for responsible investment racism social impact assessment social justice social responsibility stakeholder theory sullivan principles transparency behavioral social un global compact social accounting corporate crime double bottom line ethical positioning index higg index impact assessment environmental equality social iso 26000 iso 45001 genuine progress indicator overlapping generations model performance indicator sa 8000 ohsas 18001 social return on investment whole life cost environmental accounting carbon accounting eco management and audit scheme emission inventory environmental full cost accounting environmental conflict impact assessment management system profit and loss account iso 14000 iso 14031 life cycle assessment pollutant release and transfer register sustainability accounting measurement metrics and indices standards and certification supply chain toxics release inventory triple bottom line reporting global reporting initiative gxp guidelines sustainability reporting auditing community based monitoring environmental certification...