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age contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 repatriation and reconstruction toggle repatriation and reconstruction subsection 2 1 economic issues 2 2 political issues 3 1907 election 4 progression to union 5 colonial administration toggle colonial administration subsection 5 1 attorney general 5 2 colonial secretary 5 3 native affairs 5 4 colonial treasurer 5 5 lands 5 6 mines 6 geography 7 demographics toggle demographics subsection 7 1 1904 census 8 see also 9 references 10 external links toggle the table of contents transvaal colony 29 languages afrikaans asturianu تۆرکجه català español eesti euskara suomi français हिन्दी italiano 한국어 lietuvių bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål polski română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenščina српски srpski svenska ไทย türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 25 s 30 e 25 s 30 e 25 30 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia british colony from 1877 to 1881 and 1902 to 1910 this article is about the former british colony for other uses see transvaal disambiguation 25 s 30 e 25 s 30 e 25 30 transvaal colony transvaalkolonie 1877 1881 1902 1910 flag badge royal anthem god save the queen 1877 1881 god save the king 1902 1910 location of transvaal circa 1890 status crown colony of the united kingdom capital pretoria official language english common languages afrikaans dutch ndebele sepedi tsonga tswana venda zulu ethnic groups 1904 73 79 black 23 40 white 1 90 coloured 0 89 asian religion dutch reformed anglican government constitutional monarchy monarch 1877 1901 victoria 1901 1910 edward vii 1910 george v governor 1902 1905 viscount milner 1905 1910 earl of selborne prime minister 1907 1910 louis botha legislature parliament of the transvaal upper house legislative council lower house legislative assembly historical era scramble for africa established 12 april 1877 pretoria convention 3 august 1881 transvaal colony proclaimed 1 september 1900 treaty of vereeniging 31 may 1902 grant of responsible self government 6 december 1906 union of south africa 31 may 1910 population 1904 1 268 716 1 preceded by succeeded by south african republic union of south africa swaziland protectorate today part of south africa eswatini the transvaal colony afrikaans pronunciation transˈfɑːl was the name used to refer to the transvaal region during the period of direct british rule and military occupation between the end of the second boer war in 1902 when the south african republic was dissolved and the establishment of the union of south africa in 1910 the borders of the transvaal colony 2 were larger than the defeated south african republic which had existed from 1852 to 1902 3 4 in 1910 the entire territory became the transvaal province of the union of south africa history edit further information south african republic both the boer republics the south african republic zar and the orange free state were defeated in the anglo boer war and surrendered to the uk the peace treaty treaty of vereeniging contained the following terms that all burghers of the zar and orange free state lay down their arms and accept king edward vii as their sovereign that all burghers outside the borders of the zar and orange free state upon declaring their allegiance to the king be transported back to their homes that all burghers so surrendering will not be deprived of their property no civil or criminal proceedings against burghers for acts of war except acts contrary to the usage of war in such cases there is to be held an immediate court martial that high dutch be taught in schools and that the use of the dutch language will be allowed in law courts that the possession of rifles be allowed under licence that military administration be succeeded at the earliest possible date by representative institutions leading up to self government that the question of granting franchise to natives not be discussed until after self government that no special tax be introduced to cover the costs of the war that various commissions be established to process and pay valid claims for war expenses and to honor script issued by the countries of the zar and orange free state during the period of the war the commission would also feed the homeless and assist with the reconstruction of homes affected by the war to that end the crown agrees to a free grant of 3 000 000 as well as loans at no interest for two years to be repaid at 3 percent interest over years thereafter in 1902 with peace following the signing of the treaty of vereeniging the new transvaal colony was faced with intertwined economic and political issues that needed to be resolved the economic issues faced included the restoration of the mining industry to pre war levels then growing it further with the need for extra labour the restoration of the boers to their lands and increasing the agricultural output of those farms the political issue faced depended on what side of politics one stood on the existing british administrators under alfred milner wished to anglicise the population through two main means one by increasing the english speaking population of the transvaal and the other by teaching the boer children in english with very little dutch used followed by self rule the transvaal boers political objectives were the restoration of self rule in the colony and the political environment to be dominated by the boers repatriation and reconstruction edit as the war ended the british were faced with a large proportion of boer men as prisoners of war and their families in concentration camps 5 269 as the british followed a scorched earth policy in the transvaal boer lands stock and farms had been destroyed 5 266 at the conclusion of the war it was necessary to reconstruct a government for the new colony and this was begun with the appointment of a resident magistrate in every district of the colony who became district commissioners while an assistant magistrate carried out the legal and magisterial duties of the area 6 88 roman dutch law was translated into english so the law courts could continue with some old acts repealed and a considerable amount of new law promulgated by the authorities in johannesburg 6 89 the resident magistrate then submitted the names of three members of the district to the governor for district commission under the magistrate 6 88 they would consist of one british subject and two boers one from those who had surrendered early on in the war and one who had fought until the end 6 90 the commission would have two functions one to provide assistance and issuing of rations equipment transport and plough animals to those affected by the war and the second to investigate claims for compensation for actual damages sustained during the war 6 90 repatriation depots were established in the districts and they were stocked with food seed agricultural equipment transport plough animals stone and building material 6 90 the rail transport network struggled to compete with the army transport requirement to maintain a garrison and civilian requirements to repair the colony 6 89 all feed for transport animals had to be brought to the depots as the process started in the winter of 1902 6 89 refugees from the concentration camps and prisoners of war were returned to their districts in a system of drafts 6 88 at the depots they would receive farm equipment tents and rations to start again and transport to their destinations 6 88 food rations were provided for almost a year 6 88 families would receive a token grant irrespective of their ability to pay it back and additional material and equipment required were obtained via interest free loans with small cash loans also attracting no interest with larger loans attracting four percent interest by a mortgage 6 90 the loan scheme was never going to compensate a person for the actual loss experienced by the war 6 90 damage and the reconstruction required varied from district to district 6 91 in the larger towns municipal or health boards were appointed to manage them under the resident magistrate 6 95 they had limited functions and the only rates they levied were for sanitary functions 6 95 within fifteen months of the end of the war the municipal government was introduced with preparations made for fair elections based on property valuation and the creation of voters rolls with the registration process explained in english and dutch 6 95 economic issues edit the british administrators set out to place most boer farmers back on their land by march 1903 with nineteen million pounds spent on war damages grants and loans 5 266 the administrators reformed the state agricultural departments to modernise farming in the colony which resulted in a maize and beef surplus by 1908 5 271 they also attempted to solve the poor white problem by settling them as tenant farmers on state land but the lack of capital and labour caused the scheme to fail 5 269 an attempt was made to place english settlers on farmland so as to anglicise the transvaal and increase the english speaking population but this failed too as the policy attracted too few settlers 5 269 by the end of 1901 gold mining finally resumed on the witwatersrand around johannesburg having virtually stopped since 1899 backed by the mining magnates and the british administrators there was a need to restart the industry but labour was required just prior to the war white miners wages were high and magnates weren t keen to increase wages since black miners wages had been reduced before the war and not increased so black labourers weren t interested in working the mines 5 267 unskilled white labour was ruled out as their wages would be too high for the work done so the mining magnates and their chamber of mines in 1903 sought alternative labour in the form of cheap chinese workers 5 267 the legislation to import chinese labour was introduced at the transvaal legislative council on 28 december 1903 by george farrar and was debated for 30 hours and successfully voted on after its three readings on 30 december 1903 coming into law in february 1904 7 36 having been rubber stamped by the british and mining appointed transvaal legislative council it outlined extremely restrictive employment contracts for the chinese workers the idea had been sold via a fear campaign aimed at white miners on the need for this labour or face the possibility of lost mining jobs 5 267 by 1906 the gold mines of the witwatersrand were in full production and by 1907 south african gold mines represented thirty two percent of the worlds gold output 5 268 by 1910 chinese labour ended on the witwatersrand and the restrictive job reservation laws preventing chinese miners doing certain jobs was replicated for black miners 5 268 political issues edit from the end of the war in 1902 the political administration of the transvaal colony was controlled by members of a legislative and executive council all appointed by the british administrators under alfred milner and the colonial secretary in london 5 269 in 1903 three seats in the transvaal legislative council were offered to louis botha jan smuts and koos de la rey but they turned the british down 5 269 due to a lack of a hearing given to the opinions of the boer generals by the english administrators concerning chinese mine labour due to a belief that they did not represent the boer population and due to the lack of self rule louis botha and others met in 1904 at a volkskongres 5 270 the result of this people congress was the unification of the boer political movement in the transvaal into a new party called het volk in january 1905 by louis botha and jan smuts 5 270 this new party s objective was to seek reconciliation with britain which would be favoured by the british opposition liberal party and boer self rule for the transvaal 5 270 english political movements included the transvaal responsible government association the transvaal progressive association and labour groups under an industrial labour party 5 270 the transvaal responsible government association was formed in late 1904 by e p solomon and made up of a loose gathering of ex colonial and zar officials and diamond mining magnates labour and businessmen 7 167 they called for the allowance of the colony to create its own policy and strive for self government and for the party to be eventually renamed the nationalists 7 168 the transvaal progressive association formed in november 1904 and active from february 1905 had a similar membership but was linked to the mining industry s opposed self rule and preferred a legislature nominated by the high commissioner with strong links to britain 7 168 they were led by george farrar and percy fitzpatrick 7 168 the pro boer liberal party in britain came to power in january 1906 with a new policy for the two former boer colonies one of self rule 5 270 jan smuts visited london and managed to persuade the new government to formulate a system that would favour the boers and het volk in a new political assembly 5 270 more than a year later in february 1907 an election was held with het volk running on two issues chinese labour needing to be ended when new labour sources were found and reconciliation with britain with which they hoped would attract the english labourer vote as well as selling themselves as an alternative to the mining capitalistic progressive party 5 270 1907 election edit see also cabinet of louis botha transvaal colony 1907 election results the election was held on 20 february 1907 and het volk won the election gathering 37 of 69 seats 7 173 it stood 43 candidates and won 34 seats outright all the country seats were gained except barberton three seats in pretoria and four on the witwatersrand with three independents aligning themselves with the party 7 173 the progressive party stood 34 candidates and won 21 seats twenty on the witwatersrand and one in pretoria with five randlords winning seats 7 174 other parties included the nationalists old transvaal responsible government association that won 6 seats four on the witwatersrand and two in pretoria but their leader richard solomon failed to win his seat 7 174 the transvaal independent labour party won three seats in the witwatersrand after contesting 14 but their leader frederic creswell failed to gain a seat 7 174 louis botha became prime minister of the...