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trauma in children wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 anatomic and physiologic differences 2 diagnosis toggle diagnosis subsection 2 1 pediatric trauma score 3 management 4 epidemiology 5 see also 6 references 7 further reading 8 external links toggle the table of contents trauma in children 3 languages বাংলা español hausa edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia this article is about physical trauma in children for psychological trauma in childhood see childhood trauma medical condition trauma in children other names pediatric trauma a gunshot wound to the left thigh showing entry and exit wound of a 3 year old girl specialty emergency medicine trauma in children also known as pediatric trauma refers to a traumatic injury that happens to an infant child or adolescent because of anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults the care and management of this population differs anatomic and physiologic differences edit there are significant anatomical and physiological differences between children and adults for example the internal organs are closer in proximity to each other in children than in adults this places children at higher risk of traumatic injury 1 children present a unique challenge in trauma care because they are so different from adults anatomically developmentally physiologically and emotionally a 2006 study concluded that the risk of death for injured children is lower when care is provided in pediatric trauma centers rather than in non pediatric trauma centers yet about 10 of injured children are treated at pediatric trauma centers the highest mortality rates occur in children who are treated in rural areas without access to trauma centers 2 an important part of managing trauma in children is weight estimation a number of methods to estimate weight exist including the broselow tape leffler formula and theron formula 3 of these three methods the broselow tape is the most accurate for weight estimation in children 25 kg 3 while the theron formula performs better with patients weighing 40 kg 3 due to basic geometry a child s weight to surface area ratio is lower than an adult s children more readily lose their body heat through radiation and have a higher risk of becoming hypothermic 4 5 smaller body size in children often makes them more prone to poly traumatic injury 6 diagnosis edit pediatric trauma score edit several classification systems have been developed that use some combination of subjective and objective data in an effort to quantify the severity of trauma examples include the injury severity score 7 8 and a modified version of the glasgow coma scale 9 more complex classification systems such as the revised trauma score apache ii 10 and saps ii 11 add physiologic data to the equation in an attempt to more precisely define the severity which can be useful in triaging casualties as well as in determining medical management and predicting prognosis though useful all of these measures have significant limitations when applied to pediatric patients for this reason health care providers often employ classification systems that have been modified or even specifically developed for use in the pediatric population for example the pediatric glasgow coma scale is a modification of the glasgow coma scale that is useful in patients who have not yet developed language skills 12 emphasizing the importance of body weight and airway diameter the pediatric trauma score pts was developed to specifically reflect the vulnerability of children to traumatic injury the minimal score is 6 and the maximum score is 12 there is a linear relationship between the decrease in pts and the mortality risk i e the lower the pts the higher the mortality risk 12 mortality is estimated at 9 with a pts 8 and at 100 with a pts 0 citation needed in most cases the severity of a pediatric trauma injury is determined by the pediatric trauma score 4 despite the fact that some research has shown there is no benefit between it and the revised trauma scale 13 management edit the management of pediatric trauma depends on a knowledge of the physiological anatomical and developmental differences in comparison to an adult patient this requires expertise in this area 14 in the pre hospital setting issues may arise with the treatment of pediatric patients due to a lack of knowledge and resources involved in the treatment of these injuries 15 despite the fact there is only a slight variation in outcomes in adult trauma centers definitive care is best reached at a pediatric trauma center 16 17 epidemiology edit most common causes of pediatric trauma injured child in gaza 17 october 2023 based on the centers for disease control and prevention s cdc wisqars database for the latest year of data 2010 serious injury kills nearly 10 000 children in america each year 18 pediatric trauma accounted for 59 5 of all mortality for children under 18 in 2004 1 19 injury is the leading cause of death in this age group in the united states greater than all other causes combined 20 it is also the leading cause of permanent paralysis for children 21 22 in the us approximately 16 000 000 children go to a hospital emergency room due to some kind of injury every year 4 male children are more frequently injured than female children by a ratio of two to one 4 some injuries including chemical eye burns are more common among young children than among their adult counterparts these are largely due to cleaning supplies and similar chemicals commonly found around the home 23 similarly penetrating injuries in children is because of writing utensils and other common household objects as many are readily available to children in the course of their day 24 israel s attacks on the gaza strip during the gaza war caused gaza to have the highest number of child amputees per capita in the world 25 in august 2025 unicef estimated that more than 50 000 children had been killed or injured in gaza 26 see also edit blunt trauma blast injury geriatric trauma penetrating trauma pediatric advanced life support references edit 1 2 dickinson e limmer d o keefe mf grant hd murray r 2008 emergency care 11th ed englewood cliffs new jersey prentice hall pp 848 52 isbn 978 0 13 500524 8 petrosyan mikael guner yigit s md emami claudia n md ford henri r md august 2009 disparities in the delivery of pediatric trauma care the journal of trauma 67 2 supplement injury infection and critical care issue s114 s119 doi 10 1097 ta 0b013e3181ad3251 pmid 19667843 1 2 3 so ty farrington e absher rk 2009 evaluation of the accuracy of different methods used to estimate weights in the pediatric population pediatrics 123 6 e1045 51 doi 10 1542 peds 2008 1968 pmid 19482737 s2cid 6009482 retrieved 7 november 2010 1 2 3 4 peitzman ab rhodes m schwab cw yealy dm fabian tc eds 2008 pediatric trauma the trauma manual 3rd ed philadelphia lippincott williams wilkins pp 499 514 isbn 978 0 7817 6275 5 pediatric trauma and triage overview of the problem and necessary care for positive outcomes powerpoint jim morehead retrieved 6 november 2010 ron walls md john j ratey md robert i simon md 2009 rosen s emergency medicine expert consult premium edition enhanced online features and print rosen s emergency medicine concepts clinical practice 2v st louis mosby pp 262 80 isbn 978 0 323 05472 0 baker sp o neill b haddon w jr long wb 1974 the injury severity score a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care the journal of trauma 14 3 187 96 doi 10 1097 00005373 197403000 00001 pmid 4814394 copes ws champion hr sacco wj lawnick mm keast sl bain lw 1988 the injury severity score revisited the journal of trauma 28 1 69 77 doi 10 1097 00005373 198801000 00010 pmid 3123707 teasdale g jennett b 1974 assessment of coma and impaired consciousness a practical scale the lancet 2 7872 81 4 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 74 91639 0 pmid 4136544 knaus wa draper ea wagner dp zimmerman je 1985 apache ii a severity of disease classification system critical care medicine 13 10 818 29 doi 10 1097 00003246 198510000 00009 pmid 3928249 le gall jr lemeshow s saulnier f 1993 a new simplified acute physiology score saps ii based on a european north american multicenter study journal of the american medical association 270 24 2957 63 doi 10 1001 jama 1993 03510240069035 pmid 8254858 1 2 campbell john creighton 2000 basic trauma life support for paramedics and other advanced providers upper saddle river n j brady prentice hall health isbn 978 0 13 084584 9 kaufmann cr maier rv rivara fp carrico cj january 1990 evaluation of the pediatric trauma score jama 263 1 69 72 doi 10 1001 jama 263 1 69 pmid 2293691 little wendalyn k 1 march 2010 golden hour or golden opportunity early management of pediatric trauma clinical pediatric emergency medicine 11 1 4 9 doi 10 1016 j cpem 2009 12 005 lohr kathleen n durch jane 1993 emergency medical services for children committee on pediatric emergency medical services washington d c national academy press isbn 978 0 309 04888 0 densmore jc lim hj oldham kt guice ks january 2006 outcomes and delivery of care in pediatric injury j pediatr surg 41 1 92 8 discussion 92 8 doi 10 1016 j jpedsurg 2005 10 013 pmid 16410115 deasy c gabbe b palmer c et al october 2011 paediatric and adolescent trauma care within an integrated trauma system injury 43 12 2006 2011 doi 10 1016 j injury 2011 08 032 pmid 21978766 cdc childhood injury report patterns of unintentional injuries among 0 19 year olds in the united states 2000 2006 stacks cdc gov krug se tuggle dw 2008 management of pediatric trauma pdf pediatrics 121 4 849 54 doi 10 1542 peds 2008 0094 pmid 18381551 s2cid 28319980 retrieved 6 november 2010 childress institute for pediatric trauma retrieved 6 november 2010 aghababian richard 2010 essentials of emergency medicine jones bartlett learning pp 992 1000 isbn 978 0 7637 6652 8 moore ernest j feliciano david v mattox kenneth l 2008 trauma mcgraw hill medical pp 993 1000 isbn 978 0 07 146912 8 haring rs sheffield id channa r canner jk schneider eb august 2016 epidemiologic trends of chemical ocular burns in the united states jama ophthalmology 134 10 1119 1124 doi 10 1001 jamaophthalmol 2016 2645 pmid 27490908 fisher s b clifton m s bhatia a m september 2011 pencils and pens an under recognized source of penetrating injuries in children the american surgeon 77 8 1076 1080 doi 10 1177 000313481107700831 pmid 21944527 s2cid 24546416 moor ahmed 27 march 2025 there are more child amputees in gaza than anywhere else in the world what can the future hold for them the guardian bring sick and injured children to uk from gaza immediately mps say bbc news 16 august 2025 further reading edit full body radiographic imaging of the injured child ajol info pediatric trauma at an adult trauma center pdf nmanet org søreide kjetil krüger andreas j ellingsen christian l tjosevik kjell e 2009 pediatric trauma deaths are predominated by severe head injuries during spring and summer scandinavian journal of trauma resuscitation and emergency medicine 17 3 doi 10 1186 1757 7241 17 3 pmc 2637226 pmid 19161621 considerations in pediatric trauma emedicine trauma 2 february 2019 cite journal cite journal requires journal help mayer t walker ml johnson dg matlak me february 1981 causes of morbidity and mortality in severe pediatric trauma jama 245 7 719 21 doi 10 1001 jama 245 7 719 pmid 7463661 wesson david e 2005 pediatric trauma pathophysiology diagnosis and treatment informa healthcare isbn 978 0 8247 4117 4 strange gary r 2002 pediatric emergency medicine a comprehensive study guide new york mcgraw hill medical publishing division isbn 978 0 07 136979 4 anas nick g perkin ronald m swift james d newton dale 2008 pediatric hospital medicine textbook of inpatient management philadelphia wolters kluwer health lippincott williams wilkins isbn 978 0 7817 7032 3 external links edit american academy of pediatrics classification d external resources emedicine search pediatric trauma v t e trauma principles polytrauma major trauma traumatology triage resuscitation trauma triad of death assessment clinical prediction rules abbreviated injury scale injury severity score naca score revised trauma score investigations diagnostic peritoneal lavage focused assessment with sonography for trauma management principles advanced trauma life support damage control surgery early appropriate care trauma center trauma surgery trauma team procedures resuscitative thoracotomy pathophysiology injury msk bone fracture degloving joint dislocation soft tissue injury respiratory diaphragmatic rupture flail chest hemothorax pneumothorax pulmonary contusion cardio cardiac tamponade internal bleeding thoracic aorta injury gi blunt kidney trauma splenic injury neuro intracranial hemorrhage penetrating head injury traumatic brain injury mechanism blast injury blunt trauma burn crush injury electrocution gunshot wound penetrating trauma stab wound region abdominal trauma chest injury facial trauma head injury spinal cord injury demographic geriatric trauma pediatric trauma complications acute respiratory distress syndrome chronic traumatic encephalopathy compartment syndrome contracture volkmann s contracture crush syndrome rhabdomyolysis embolism air fat post traumatic stress disorder subcutaneous emphysema wound healing retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title trauma_in_children oldid 1310832997 categories traumatology pediatrics causes of death medical emergencies hidden categories use dmy dates from september 2025 articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from june 2020 cs1 errors missing periodical this page was last edited on 11 september 2025 at 21 16 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search 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