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law and international rules to permit trade in us civilian nuclear technology with india 151 at the time british columnist george monbiot argued that the u s india nuclear deal in combination with us attempts to deny iran an npt signatory civilian nuclear fuel making technology might destroy the npt regime 152 map of nuclear armed states of the world npt designated nuclear weapon states china france russia united kingdom united states other states with declared nuclear weapons india north korea pakistan other states presumed to have nuclear weapons israel states that host nuclear weapons under nuclear weapons sharing arrangements as part of nato belgium germany italy the netherlands turkey or with russia belarus states formerly possessing nuclear weapons kazakhstan south africa ukraine in the first half of 2010 it was strongly believed that china had signed a civilian nuclear deal with pakistan claiming that the deal was peaceful 83 arms control advocates criticised the reported china pakistan deal as they did in case of u s india deal claiming that both the deals violate the npt by facilitating nuclear programmes in states which are not parties to the npt 72 some reports asserted that the deal was a strategic move by china to balance us influence in south asia 84 according to a report published by u s department of defense in 2001 china had provided pakistan with nuclear materials and has given critical technological assistance in the construction of pakistan s nuclear weapons development facilities in violation of the nuclear non proliferation treaty of which china even then was a signatory 153 154 at the seventh review conference in may 2005 155 there were stark differences between the united states which wanted the conference to focus on non proliferation especially on its allegations against iran and most other countries who emphasized the lack of serious nuclear disarmament by the nuclear powers the non aligned countries reiterated their position emphasizing the need for nuclear disarmament 156 the 2010 review conference was held in may 2010 in new york city and adopted a final document that included a summary by the review conference president ambassador libran capactulan of the philippines and an action plan that was adopted by consensus 157 158 the 2010 conference was generally considered a success because it reached consensus where the previous review conference in 2005 ended in disarray many attributed the success of the 2010 conference to u s president barack obama s commitment to nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament some have warned that this success raised unrealistically high expectations that could lead to failure at the next review conference in 2015 159 the global summit on nuclear security took place 12 13 april 2010 the summit was proposed by president obama in prague and was intended to strengthen the nuclear non proliferation treaty in conjunction with the proliferation security initiative and the global initiative to combat nuclear terrorism 160 forty seven states and three international organizations took part in the summit 161 which issued a communiqué 162 and a work plan 163 for further information see 2010 nuclear security summit un vote on adoption of the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons on 7 july 2017 yes no did not vote in a major policy speech at the brandenburg gate in berlin on 19 june 2013 obama outlined plans to further reduce the number of warheads in the u s nuclear arsenal 164 according to foreign policy obama proposed a one third reduction in strategic nuclear warheads on top of the cuts already required by the new start treaty bringing the number of deployed warheads to about 1 000 164 obama is seeking to negotiate these reductions with russia to continue to move beyond cold war nuclear postures according to briefing documents provided to foreign policy 164 in the same speech obama emphasized his administration s efforts to isolate any nuclear weapons capabilities emanating from iran and north korea he also called for a renewed bipartisan effort in the united states congress to ratify the comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty and called on countries to negotiate a new treaty to end the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons on 24 april 2014 it was announced that the nation of the marshall islands has brought suit in the hague against the united states the former soviet union the united kingdom france china india pakistan north korea and israel seeking to have the disarmament provisions of the npt enforced 165 the 2015 review conference of the parties to the treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons npt was held at the united nations in new york from 27 april to 22 may 2015 and presided over by ambassador taous feroukhi of algeria the treaty particularly article viii paragraph 3 envisages a review of the operation of the treaty every five years a provision which was reaffirmed by the states parties at the 1995 npt review and extension conference and the 2000 npt review conference at the 2015 npt review conference states parties examined the implementation of the treaty s provisions since 2010 despite intensive consultations the conference was not able to reach agreement on the substantive part of the draft final document the tenth review conference convened 1 26 august 2022 after a two year postponement due to the covid 19 pandemic and concluded without adopting a final document contentious negotiations came close to consensus on a text but ultimately russia blocked consensus over issues related to its invasion of ukraine including references to the safety of the zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in the draft text 166 on 23 june 2023 the us department of state issued a statement 167 that the united states hosted the meeting on 13 14 june in cairo among the five nuclear weapons states describing it as an ongoing exchange in the context of the nuclear non proliferation treaty npt the eleventh review conference convened 27 april to 22 may 2026 at united nations headquarters in new york and concluded without adopting a final document 168 169 criticism and responses edit over the years the npt has come to be seen by many third world states as a conspiracy of the nuclear haves to keep the nuclear have nots in their place 170 this argument has roots in article vi of the treaty which obligates the nuclear weapons states to liquidate their nuclear stockpiles and pursue complete disarmament the non nuclear states see no signs of this happening 8 7 some argue that the nws have not fully complied with their disarmament obligations under article vi of the npt 171 some countries such as india have criticized the npt because it discriminated against states not possessing nuclear weapons on 1 january 1967 while iran and numerous arab states have criticized israel for not signing the npt 172 173 there has been disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 13 400 warheads as of february 2021 among them 174 as noted above the international court of justice in its advisory opinion on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons stated that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control 19 some critics of the nuclear weapons states contend that they have failed to comply with article vi by failing to make disarmament the driving force in national planning and policy with respect to nuclear weapons even while they ask other states to plan for their security without nuclear weapons 175 the united states responds to criticism of its disarmament record by pointing out that since the end of the cold war it has eliminated more than 13 000 nuclear weapons and eliminated more than 80 of its deployed strategic warheads and 90 of non strategic warheads deployed to nato in the process eliminating whole categories of warheads and delivery systems and reducing its reliance on nuclear weapons citation needed u s officials have also pointed out the ongoing u s work to dismantle nuclear warheads by the time accelerated dismantlement efforts ordered by president george w bush were completed the u s arsenal was less than a quarter of its size at the end of the cold war and smaller than it had been at any point since the eisenhower administration well before the drafting of the npt 176 the united states has also purchased many thousands of weapons worth of uranium formerly in soviet nuclear weapons for conversion into reactor fuel 177 as a consequence of this latter effort it has been estimated that the equivalent of one lightbulb in every ten in the united states is powered by nuclear fuel removed from warheads previously targeted at the united states and its allies during the cold war 178 the u s special representative for nuclear nonproliferation agreed that nonproliferation and disarmament are linked noting that they can be mutually reinforcing but also that growing proliferation risks create an environment that makes disarmament more difficult 179 the united kingdom 180 france 181 and russia 182 likewise defend their nuclear disarmament records and the five npt nws issued a joint statement in 2008 reaffirming their article vi disarmament commitments 183 according to thomas reed and danny stillman the npt has one giant loophole article iv gives each non nuclear weapon state the inalienable right to pursue nuclear energy for the generation of power 7 a number of high ranking officials even within the united nations have argued that they can do little to stop states using nuclear reactors to produce nuclear weapons 6 a 2009 united nations report said that the revival of interest in nuclear power could result in the worldwide dissemination of uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing technologies which present obvious risks of proliferation as these technologies can produce fissile materials that are directly usable in nuclear weapons 6 according to critics those states which possess nuclear weapons but are not authorized to do so under the npt have not paid a significant price for their pursuit of weapons capabilities also the npt has been explicitly weakened by a number of bilateral deals made by npt signatories notably the united states 6 based on concerns over the slow pace of nuclear disarmament and the continued reliance on nuclear weapons in military and security concepts doctrines and policies the treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons was adopted in july 2017 and was subsequently opened for signature on 20 september 2017 entering into force on 22 january 2021 184 it prohibits each state party from the development testing production stockpiling stationing transfer use and threat of use of nuclear weapons as well as assistance to those activities it reaffirms in its preamble the vital role of the full and effective implementation of the npt ineffective enforcement of territorial integrity and rule of law in the 21st century 185 could undermine the credibility of the security assurances that are part of the current global nuclear order 186 see also edit 13 steps an important section in the final document of the 2000 review conference of the treaty chemical weapons convention comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty ctbt humanitarian initiative global initiative to combat nuclear terrorism gicnt international day for the total elimination of nuclear weapons missile technology control regime mtcr new agenda coalition nac non proliferation and disarmament initiative npdi nuclear armament nuclear warfare nuclear weapons convention nuclear weapon free zone multi country zones african nuclear weapon free zone treaty treaty of pelindaba central asian nuclear weapon free zone treaty of semei south pacific nuclear free zone treaty treaty of rarotonga southeast asian nuclear weapon free zone treaty treaty of bangkok treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in latin america and the caribbean treaty of tlatelolco other un recognized zones mongolian nuclear weapons free zone outer space treaty seabed arms control treaty nuclear terrorism partial nuclear test ban treaty ptbt proliferation security initiative psi strategic arms limitation talks salt strategic offensive reductions treaty sort treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons also known as the nuclear weapon ban treaty weapon of mass destruction wmd zangger committee list of states with nuclear weapons list of weapons of mass destruction treaties references edit 1 2 3 uk depositary status list treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons pdf government of the united kingdom retrieved 6 april 2020 unoda treaties database unoda treaties database retrieved 1 november 2025 unoda non proliferation of nuclear weapons npt un org retrieved 20 february 2016 decisions adopted at the 1995 npt review extension conference acronym institute archived from the original on 27 march 2019 retrieved 11 august 2021 nuclear non proliferation treaty npt pdf defense treaty inspection readiness program united states department of defense defense treaty inspection readiness program archived from the original pdf on 11 march 2013 retrieved 19 june 2013 1 2 3 4 5 benjamin k sovacool 2011 contesting the future of nuclear power a critical global assessment of atomic energy world scientific pp 187 190 1 2 3 4 reed thomas c 23 june 2009 the nuclear express a political history of the bomb and its proliferation minneapolis zenith press via internet archive 1 2 3 graham thomas jr november 2004 avoiding the tipping point arms control association see for example the canadian government s npt web site the nuclear non proliferation treaty archived 27 july 2014 at the wayback machine ambassador sudjadnan parnohadiningrat 26 april 2004 united nations new york third session of the preparatory committee for the 2005 review conference of the parties to the treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons furnished by the permanent mission of the republic of indonesia to the united nations indonesiamission ny org archived 20 november 2005 at the wayback machine 1 2 3 4 treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons pdf u s department of state u s delegation to the 2010 nuclear nonproliferation treaty conference 2010 this view was expressed by christopher ford the u s npt representative at the end of the bush administration see the 2010 review cycle so far a view from the united states of america presented at wilton park united kingdom 20 december 2007 uk prepared to use nuclear weapons bbc article dated 20 march 2002 france would use nuclear arms bbc article dated 19 january 2006 chirac nuclear response to terrorism is possible washington post article dated 20 january 2006 hoey fintan 6 june 2016 japan and extended nuclear deterrence security and non proliferation 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