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by any text editor extensive macro packages have been created for various document styles a typical distribution of troff includes the me macros for formatting research papers man and mdoc macros for creating unix man pages mv macros for creating mountable transparencies and the ms and mm macros for letters books technical memoranda and reports history edit troff s origins can be traced to a text formatting program called runoff which was written by jerome h saltzer for mit s ctss operating system in the mid 1960s the name allegedly came from the phrase i ll run off a document bob morris ported it to the ge 635 architecture and called the program roff an abbreviation of runoff citation needed it was rewritten as rf for the pdp 7 and at the same time 1969 doug mcilroy rewrote an extended and simplified version of roff in the bcpl programming language the first version of unix was developed on a pdp 7 which was sitting around bell labs in 1971 the developers wanted to get a pdp 11 for further work on the operating system in order to justify the cost for this system they proposed that they would implement a document formatting system for the bell labs patents department 1 this first formatting program was a reimplementation of mcillroy s roff written by joe f ossanna when they needed a more flexible language a new version of roff called nroff newer roff was written which provided the basis for all future versions when they got a graphic systems cat phototypesetter ossanna modified nroff to support multiple fonts and proportional spacing dubbed troff for typesetter roff its sophisticated output amazed the typesetter manufacturer and confused peer reviewers who thought that manuscripts using troff had been published before 2 3 as such the name troff is pronounced ˈ t iː r ɒ f rather than ˈ t r ɒ f with troff came nroff they were actually almost the same program which was for producing output for line printers and character terminals it understood everything troff did and ignored the commands which were not applicable e g font changes ossanna s troff was written in pdp 11 assembly language and produced output specifically for the cat phototypesetter he rewrote it in c although it was now 7000 lines of uncommented code and still dependent on the cat as the cat became less common and was no longer supported by the manufacturer the need to make it support other devices became a priority ossanna died before this task was completed so brian kernighan took on the task of rewriting troff the newly rewritten version produced a device independent code which was very easy for post processors to read and translate to the appropriate printer codes also this new version of troff often called ditroff for device independent troff had several extensions which included drawing functions 4 the program s documentation defines the output format of ditroff which is used by many modern troff clones like gnu groff in 1983 troff was one of several unix tools available for charles river data systems unos operating system under bell laboratories license 5 the troff collection of tools including pre and post processors was eventually called documenter s workbench dwb and was under continuous development in bell labs and later at the spin off unix system laboratories usl through 1994 at that time softquad took over the maintenance although brian kernighan continued to improve troff on his own thus there are at least the following variants of the original bell labs troff in use the softquad dwb based on usl dwb 2 0 from 1994 the dwb 3 4 from lucent software solutions formerly usl troff plan 9 edition while troff has been supplanted by other programs such as interleaf framemaker and latex it is still being used quite extensively it remains the default formatter for the unix documentation the software was reimplemented as groff for the gnu system beginning in 1990 in addition due to the open sourcing of ancient unix systems as well as modern successors such as the ditroff based open sourced versions found on opensolaris and plan 9 from bell labs there are several versions of at t troff cat and ditroff based 6 available under various open source licenses macros edit in general one was not encouraged to use troff directly but rather go through some easier to use interface 7 8 troff includes macros that are run before starting to process the document these macros include setting up page headers and footers defining new commands and influencing how the output will be formatted the command line argument for including a macro set is m name which has led to many macro sets being known as the base filename with a leading m 9 the standard macro sets with leading m are man for creating manual pages 10 11 mdoc for semantically annotated manual pages replacing man in bsds 12 13 14 me for creating research papers 15 mm for creating memorandums 16 ms for creating books reports and technical documentation 17 the ms macros were the first of these developed at at t before they were supplanted by the mm macros 18 one goal of the mm macros was that they be usable by the typing pool at bell labs and over time this happened and the mm macros became a standard at bell labs 19 at t made the mm macros commercially available for system v unix 18 in contrast the me macros were developed at berkeley 18 an example of a simple business letter prepared with the mm macros would be tl nd january 10 1993 au ms jane smith at upcoming appointment mt 5 reference a12345 sp 4 mr samuel jones sp 0 field director bureau of inspections sp 0 1010 government plaza sp 0 capitoltown st sp 3 dear mr jones sp 2 p making reference to the noted obligation to submit for state inspection our newly created production process we request that you consider the possible inappropriateness of subjecting the innovative technologies of tomorrow to the largely antiquated requirements of yesterday if our great state is to prosper in the twenty first century we must take steps b now in i this year of i this decade to prepare our industrial base for the interstate and international competition that is sure to appear our new process does precisely that please do not let it be undone by a regulatory environment that is no longer apt p thank you for your consideration of our position fc sincerely sg a comprehensive list of macros available is usually listed in a tmac 5 manual page 14 preprocessors edit as troff evolved since there are several things which cannot be done easily in troff several preprocessors were developed these programs transform certain parts of a document into troff input fitting naturally into the use of pipelines in unix sending the output of one program as the input to another see pipes and filters typically each preprocessor translates only sections of the input file that are specially marked passing the rest of the file through unchanged the embedded preprocessing instructions are written in a simple application specific programming language which provides a high degree of power and flexibility eqn preprocessor allows mathematical formulae to be specified in simple and intuitive manner 20 tbl is a preprocessor for formatting tables refer and the similar program bib processes citations in a document according to a bibliographic database three preprocessors provide troff with drawing capabilities by defining a domain specific language for describing the picture pic is a procedural programming language providing various drawing functions like circle and box 21 ideal allows the drawing of pictures declaratively deriving the picture by solving a system of simultaneous equations based on vectors and transformations described by its input 22 grn describes the pictures through graphical elements drawn at absolute coordinates based on the gremlin file format defined by an early graphics workstation 23 in addition there is a command soelim that removes so inclusion directives from the input text 24 a typical structure of the pipeline might be soelim file refer ideal pic tbl eqn troff yet more preprocessors allow the drawing of more complex pictures by generating output for pic grap draws charts like scatter plots and histograms 25 chem draws chemical structure diagrams 26 dformat draws record based data structures 27 other front ends edit several other front ends have been developed that are intended to be friendlier interfaces to troff one of them is sanscribe originally developed at berkeley and then enhanced during the 1980s by several users including intel and interact used for writing memos reports documents sanscribe is built upon basic troff commands as well as the me macros and various pre and post processors such as soelim eqn tbl grap and pic however it is a main program binary not a preprocessor the conditional inclusion capability renders it especially useful for maintaining multi platform reference manuals however sanscribe is fragile and prone to giving cryptic errors or producing weirdly formatted results 28 a special purpose front end is vgrind which generates nicely formatted source program listings with such features as putting comments in italics keywords in bold and function names highlighted in margins it can run either as a filter or as a main program with its output being passed to troff it has support for the languages in use at bell labs facilities including not just fortran c and c but also domain specific tools such as bourne shell and yacc as well as those further afield such as emacs lisp and icon 24 a different approach is employed by the cadiz suite of tools for the z notation rather than the cadiz program being a preprocessor in the front of the pipeline it interacts multiple times with troff as both input and output using saved files rather than a pipe cadiz also contains its own set of macros called za to zz 29 see also edit desktop publishing docbook groff gnu troff nroff replacement nroff sgml tex scribe markup language references edit kernighan b w october 2019 unix a history and a memoir kindle direct publishing p 42 isbn 9781695978553 archived from the original on 2021 02 10 retrieved 2020 06 20 j f ossanna nroff troff user s manual cstr 54 bell labs 1976 revised by b w kernighan 1992 mcilroy m d 1987 a research unix reader annotated excerpts from the programmer s manual 1971 1986 pdf technical report cstr bell labs 139 b w kernighan a typesetter independent troff cstr 97 bell labs 1981 revised march 1982 the insider s guide to the universe pdf charles river data systems inc 1983 p 13 archived pdf from the original on 2024 02 25 retrieved 2024 02 10 see the man page of the ditroff postscript converter on opensolaris dpost 1 illumos and opensolaris user commands reference manual from latest sun based opensolaris emerson sandra l paulsell karen 1987 troff typesetting for unix systems englewood cliffs new jersey prentice hall p 9 gehani narain 1992 document formatting and typesetting on the unix system second ed summit new jersey silicon press pp 11 12 isbn 978 0 9615336 2 5 lindholm stephen groff troff macros ms mm me or mom archived from the original on july 14 2024 retrieved june 3 2024 writing and formmating unix manual pages with man macros home fnal gov archived from the original on 30 july 2019 retrieved 7 may 2019 man 7 linux miscellanea manual from mankier com mdoc 7 freebsd miscellaneous information manual index mandoc extended documentation mandoc archived from the original on 11 february 2021 retrieved 7 may 2019 1 2 groff_tmac 5 linux file formats manual from mankier com groff_me 7 linux miscellanea manual from mankier com groff_mm 7 linux miscellanea manual from mankier com groff_ms 7 linux miscellanea manual from mankier com 1 2 3 srinivasan b 1993 unix document processing and typesetting singapore world scientific pp 11 12 isbn 978 981 02 0605 5 mashey john july 18 2018 dag spicer ed oral history of john mashey pdf interview interviewed by john markoff mountain view california computer history museum pp 27 29 37 retrieved may 26 2024 b w kernighan and lorinda l cherry a system for typesetting mathematics cstr 17 bell labs may 1974 b w kernighan pic a graphics language for typesetting revised user manual cstr 116 bell labs december 1984 c j van wyk ideal user s manual cstr 103 bell labs december 1981 grn groff preprocessor for gremlin files 1 2 robbins arnold 1999 unix in a nutshell a desktop quick reference for system v release 4 and solaris 7 third ed sebastopol california o reilly media pp 151 187 189 isbn 978 1 56592 427 7 archived from the original on 2024 07 13 retrieved 2024 07 13 j l bentley and b w kernighan grap a language for typesetting graphs tutorial and user manual cstr 114 bell labs august 1984 j l bentley l w jelinski and b w kernighan chem a program for typesetting chemical structure diagrams cstr 122 computers and chemistry bell labs april 1986 j l bentley dformat a program for typesetting data formats cstr 142 bell labs april 1988 sanscribe user s guide and reference revision 3 0 ed january 13 1989 pp 1 1 2 1 3 2 6 1 jordan david mcdermid john a toyn ian 1991 nicholls j e ed cadi z displaystyle mathbb z computer aided design in z z user workshop oxford 1990 proceedings of the fifth annual z user meeting oxford 17 18 december 1990 berlin heidelberg springer verlag pp 93 104 external links edit the text processor for typesetters the history of troff free troff implementation archived 2022 11 30 at the wayback machine opensolaris derived port of troff and related programs user manual for the plan 9 edition of troff in postscript format a history of unix before berkeley section 3 describes the history of roff nroff troff ditroff tbl eqn and more the original source code of nroff troff and the preprocessors from at t bell labs in form of the documenter s workbench dwb release 3 3 ported to current unix systems from http www2 research att com sw download dead link v t e document markup languages office suite office open xml presentationml spreadsheetml wordprocessingml opendocument format well known html xhtml mathml rtf tex latex markdown lesser known amigaguide asciidoc bbcode cml c html compound document format context crossmark dita docbook ead enriched text fhtml gml guideml hdml hytime ipf lilypond linuxdoc lout mif maml mei musicxml omdoc openmath org mode pod restructuredtext rtml rft s1000d setext tei texinfo troff typst uof wikitext wml waptv xaml list of document markup languages v t e plan 9 command line interface programs and shell builtins file system chmod chgrp cmp cp dd du file gzip ls mkdir pwd rm split tee touch processes kill ps user environment passwd who text processing awk basename comm diff ed eqn join sed sort spell strings tail tr troff uniq wc shell builtins echo test networking ip ipconfig ip ping netstat searching grep software development ar hoc lex nm strip yacc miscellaneous bc cal fortune sleep category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title troff oldid 1369665627 categories troff free ...