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navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 descriptions in contemporary sources 2 rediscovery 3 archaeological sites toggle archaeological sites subsection 3 1 tikus temple 3 2 wringin lawang 3 3 brahu temple 3 4 segaran pool 3 5 other sites 4 houses 5 industries 6 money and market 7 pottery 8 the majapahit park 9 see also 10 references toggle references subsection 10 1 general 10 2 notes 11 external links toggle the table of contents trowulan 19 languages العربية basa bali беларуская français hausa bahasa indonesia italiano jawa ქართული മലയാളം bahasa melayu nederlands polski svenska తెలుగు ไทย українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 7 32 30 80 s 112 23 27 54 e 7 5418889 s 112 3909833 e 7 5418889 112 3909833 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia district in mojokerto regency jawa timur province indonesia for the subdistricts with the same name see trowulan subdistrict trowulan wilwatikta bajang ratu the elegant paduraksa style gate at trowulan mojokerto 7 32 30 80 s 112 23 27 54 e 7 5418889 s 112 3909833 e 7 5418889 112 3909833 periods hindu buddhist period cultures majapahit location trowulan mojokerto regency east java region indonesia history built unknown completed circa 14th 15th century site notes architectural style candi excavation dates 19th to 20th century archaeologists sir thomas stamford raffles j w b wardenaar r a a kromodjojo adinegoro henry maclaine pont willem frederik stutterheim condition restored trowulan is an archaeological site in trowulan subdistrict mojokerto regency in the indonesian province of east java it includes approximately 100 square kilometres and has been theorized to be the site of the eponymous capital city of the majapahit empire which is described by mpu prapanca in the 14th century poem nagarakretagama and in a 15th century chinese source when it was the capital of the majapahit empire the city was known as majapahit or wilwatikta which the empire derives its name from it was razed during the invasion of girindrawardhana to defeat kertabhumi in 1478 after this event majapahit s capital was moved to daha kediri the trowulan museum includes a collection of artifacts the nagarakretagama contains poetic descriptions of the palace of majapahit and its surroundings but is limited to the royal and religious sectors some of the details are vague so scholars who have tried to compile a plan of the capital have come to different conclusions older research at trowulan has concentrated on monumental remains temples tombs and a bathing place archaeological surveys and excavations have recently found the remains of industrial commercial and religious activity habitation areas water supply systems and water canals all of which are evidence of dense population during the 14th to 15th centuries 1 2 in october 2009 the ministry of culture and tourism of indonesia submitted trowulan to the unesco world heritage list 3 descriptions in contemporary sources edit bajang ratu in 1929 before restoration according to the account of prapanca in the nagarakretagama poem the royal compound was surrounded by a thick high wall of red brick nearby was the fortified guard post huge doors of decorated iron led to the main gate into the palace which was located in the north wall outside the north gate was a long building where courtiers met once a year a marketplace and a sacred crossroads just inside the north gate was a courtyard containing religious buildings on the eastern side of this courtyard were pavilions surrounded by canals where people bathed at the south end a gate led to rows of houses set on terraces in which palace servants lived another gate led to a third courtyard crowded with houses and a great hall for those waiting to be admitted into the ruler s presence the king s quarters which lay to the west of this courtyard had pavilions on decorated red brick bases ornately carved wooden pillars and a roof decorated with clay ornaments outside the palace were quarters for shiva priests buddhists and other members of the nobility further away and separated from the palace by open fields were more royal compounds including that of the chief minister gajah mada here prapanca s descriptions end a 15th century chinese source describes the palace as clean and well kept it was said to have been enclosed within a brick wall more than 10 metres high and with a double gate the houses inside were built on pillars and were 10 13 metres high with wooden floors covered with fine mats on which people sat roofs were made from wooden shingles and the dwellings of the common people were roofed with straw a book on majapahit court etiquette defines the capital as all where one can go out without passing through paddy fields temple reliefs from majapahit do not depict urban scenes but some contain sketches of settlements indicated as pavilions enclosed within walls the word kuwu in nagarakretagama seems to refer to the settlement units consisting of a group of buildings surrounded by a wall in which a large number of people lived under the control of a nobleman this pattern characterised the 16th century coastal cities of java described by early european visitors and majapahit s capital was probably composed of such units rediscovery edit sumur upas excavation site trowulan mojokerto the ancient city ruins at trowulan had been rediscovered by the 19th century sir thomas stamford raffles lieutenant governor of british java 4 governor general of bencoolen 5 from 1811 until 1816 and an indefatigable enthusiast for the island s history reported the existence of ruins of temples scattered about the country for many miles much of the region was blanketed with dense teak forest at that time making detailed survey impossible nonetheless raffles was so impressed by what he saw that he later referred to trowulan as this pride of java 6 archaeological sites edit most of the archaeological relics discovered in trowulan and its vicinity are stored and displayed in the trowulan museum located on the west side of segaran pool excavations in and around trowulan have shown that parts of the old settlement still lie buried under several metres of mud and volcanic debris a result of the frequent eruptions of nearby mount kelud as well as frequent flooding of the brantas river several archaeological ruins lie scattered around trowulan village several are quite damaged while others have undergone reconstruction most are constructed of red brick tikus temple edit candi tikus bathing place tikus temple lit rat temple is a ritual bathing pool petirtaan which is perhaps the most exciting recent archaeological finding at trowulan tikus temple means rat temple the name given to the discovery in 1914 because the site appeared during the excavation to be a rat breeding enclosure restored to its present condition in 1985 and 1989 this complex of red brick takes the form of a sunken rectangular basin into which a flight of steps descends on the northern side the principal structure which projects from the southern wall of the basin was modelled on the legendary mount mahameru no longer complete it consisted of terraced foundations upon which would have rested a concentric arrangement of turrets surrounding the highest peak of the building not far from tikus temple in the keraton hamlet stands the recently restored gateway of bajang ratu an elegant red brick paduraksa gate dating from the mid 14th century the form of structure is tall and slender rising to a height of 16 5 metres and displaying intricate relief decoration especially on the roof section the gate is adorned with bas reliefs depicting the story of sri tanjung and ramayana 7 bajang ratu in javanese means dwarf or defect monarch folk tradition links the gate with jayanegara the second majapahit king the successor to kertarajasa jayawarddhana founder of the majapahit empire according to tradition jayanegara fell from the gate as a child causing defects to his body the name probably also means little monarch as jayanegara ascended to the throne at a young age historian connects this gate with çrenggapura çri ranggapura or kapopongan of antawulan trowulan the shrine mentioned in nagarakertagama as the dharma place holy compound dedicated to king jayanegara during his death on 1328 wringin lawang edit wringin lawang the gate at trowulan mojokerto wringin lawang is located a short distance south of indonesian national route 15 at jatipasar village the name in javanese means the banyan tree gate the grand gate portals are made from red brick with a base of 13 x 11 metres and a height of 15 5 metres and date from the 14th century the gate is of the candi bentar or split gateway type a structure that may have appeared during the majapahit era it is one of the oldest and the largest surviving candi bentar dated from the majapahit era the candi bentar took the shape of a typical majapahit temple structure consisting of three parts foot body and tall roof evenly split into two mirroring structures to make a passage in the centre for people to walk through this type of split gate has no doors and provides no real defensive purpose but narrowing the passage it probably only served the ceremonial and aesthetic purpose to create a sense of grandeur before entering the next compound most historians agree that this structure is the gate of an important compound in the majapahit capital speculations concerning the original function of this majestic gateway have led to various suggestions a popular one being that it was the entrance to the residence of gajah mada brahu temple edit brahu temple brahu temple in the bejijong village is the sole surviving structure of what was once a cluster of historic buildings according to popular folk belief it was in the vicinity of brahu temple that the cremation ceremonies for the first four majapahit rulers were carried out this tradition while difficult to prove is supported in part by material evidence which suggests that the monument once served as a royal mortuary shrine the royal personage to whom the building was dedicated remains unclear the ruin of candi gentong lies nearby segaran pool edit segaran pool segaran pool is a large rectangular pool 800 x 500 metres in size the name segaran originated from the word segara in javanese which means sea probably based on the local suggestion that the large pool is the miniature of the sea surrounding the water basin is a rectangular wall made of red brick the brick pool structure was discovered in 1926 by henri maclaine pont at that time the pool was covered in dirt and mud reconstruction took place some years later and now the segaran pool functions as a recreational pool and fishing pond the brick structure originated from the 14th 15th century majapahit era the actual function of the pool is unknown a study suggested that the pool probably served various functions but mainly as the city reservoir the source of freshwater essential for the high density urban area especially during the dry season another popular local belief is that the pool was used as the bathing place and as a swimming pool to train majapahit troops and as a recreational pool for majapahit royalty to entertain envoys and guests the 46 875 square meter pool was built slightly higher than its surroundings and is currently used to irrigate paddy fields adjacent to the pool 2 other sites edit the islamic tomb of champa princess is believed to be the tomb of a majapahit king s consort according to local traditions she is said to have married one of the last of the majapahit kings and to have converted him to islam before she died in 1448 8 near the northeast edge of kolam segaran lies the ruin of menak jingga temple the structure is now ruined and stones scattered around the vicinity with the base still lies buried underground excavation still on the progress the structure is made from carved andesite stone on the outer layer with red brick in the inner layer the most exciting feature of this structure is the parts contained ornaments probably roof part identified as qilin a chinese mythical creature this might suggest a strong cultural relationship with china especially during ming dynasty the local tradition linked this site with the pavilion of queen kencana wungu the majapahit queen from the tales of damarwulan and menak jingga at umpak stones form the base for wooden pillars which were probably part of a wooden building the organic material has decayed and only the stone base remains in the troloyo hamlet numerous islamic tombstones have been discovered the majority of which date from between 1350 and 1478 these finds confirm not only that a muslim community was well established in java by the mid 14th century but also that the religion was officially acknowledged and practiced within the royal capital itself people believe that troloyo also contains the tomb of raden wijaya and they use to make a pilgrim every legi friday 9 other important ruins include balong bunder pendopo agung gold working and bronzeworking sites nglinguk candi kedaton sentonorejo candi sitinggil houses edit bas relief of trowulan ruins showing a couple at home mojopahit museum archaeological excavations have revealed brick floors and the walls of some dwellings in some cases two or even three layers of such buildings are superimposed these dwellings were equipped with wells and drains traces of a large reservoir and wells lined with brick or clay have also been located industries edit many pieces of gold jewellery from this period have been discovered in east java although java lacks significant gold resources imports from sumatra borneo and sulawesi made it possible for many goldsmiths to find work in java one hamlet of trowulan is still called kemasan from the word mas meaning gold gold ornaments have been discovered near this area as well as the tools that were used for working the gold small clay cups might have been used for melting gold for use in lost wax casting bronze anvils and flat circular stones with three legs may have been used as work surfaces for chiseling and hammering metals a large number of clay crucibles for melting bronze have been excavated at pakis village in the southern part of the site some of the bronze was used to cast uang gobog large coins or amulets in stone moulds other metal objects inc...