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centimetres, protruding, almost, vertically, seems, forked, comparable, structures, unknown, possess, crests, 1990, cast, doubt, presence, suggesting, upward, crushing, their, further, without, distinguish, similar, crestless, however, after, renewed, investigation, themselves, neither, nor, artefact, besides, second, upright, since, indicating, indeed, real, distinct, éric, jack, horner, david, weishampel, modern, interpretation, v725, dating, skeleton, v818, same, area, skeletons, disarticulated, skeletal, elements, found, referred, others, zhen, 1976, exists, latter, today, either, considered, later, researchers, refer, material, junior, synonyms, laiyangensis, chingkankouensis, paratype, group, 1950, near, various, uncovered, generic, city, earlier, often, transliterated, tsintao, means, spine, greek, ῥίς, reference, rhis, spina, latin, specific, chingkangkou, hsikou, premaxilla, tsingtao, meaning, lizard, weighed, first, characteristic, bill, battery, powerful, used, chew, 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transliteration tsingtao 2 meaning qingdao lizard is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the late cretaceous of china it was about 8 3 metres 27 ft long and weighed 2 5 tonnes 2 8 short tons 3 the type species is tsintaosaurus spinorhinus first described by chinese paleontologist c c young in 1958 as a hadrosaur tsintaosaurus had the characteristic duck bill snout and a battery of powerful teeth which it used to chew vegetation it usually walked on all fours but could rear up on its hind legs to scout for predators and flee when it spotted one like other hadrosaurs tsintaosaurus probably lived and traveled in herds discovery and naming edit left premaxilla in 1950 at hsikou near chingkangkou in laiyang shandong in the eastern part of china various remains of large hadrosaurids were uncovered in 1958 these were described by chinese paleontologist yang zhongjian c c young as the type species tsintaosaurus spinorhinus the generic name is derived from the city of qingdao earlier often transliterated as tsintao the specific name means with a nose spine from latin spina and greek ῥίς rhis nose in reference to the distinctive crest on the snout 1 the holotype ivpp as v725 was discovered in a layer of the jingangkou formation part of the wangshi group dating from the campanian it consists of a partial skeleton with skull the paratype is specimen ivpp v818 a skull roof in the same area some additional partial skeletons and a large number of disarticulated skeletal elements were found some of these were by yang referred to tsintaosaurus others were named as a tanius chingkankouensis yang 1958 also a tanius laiyangensis zhen 1976 exists the latter two species are today either considered junior synonyms or nomina dubia later researchers would refer a larger part of the material to tsintaosaurus description edit crest edit restoration showing modern interpretation of crest shape tsintaosaurus was originally reconstructed with a unicorn like crest on its skull the crest as preserved consists of an about forty centimetres long process protruding almost vertically from the top of the rear snout the structure is hollow and seems to have a forked upper end comparable structures with related species are unknown they possess more lobe like crests in 1990 david b weishampel and jack horner cast doubt on the presence of the crest suggesting that it was actually a broken nasal bone from the top of the snout distorted upward by a crushing of the fossil their study further suggested that without the distinctive crest to distinguish it tsintaosaurus was actually a synonym of the similar but crestless hadrosaur tanius however in 1993 éric buffetaut e a after a renewed investigation of the bones themselves concluded that the crest was neither distorted nor an artefact of restoration besides a second specimen with an upright crest part had since been discovered indicating that the crest was indeed real and tsintaosaurus is likely a distinct genus 4 a new reconstruction in 2013 by albert prieto márquez and jonathan wagner and based on the identification of specimen ivpp v829 a praemaxilla as a tsintaosaurus element came to the conclusion that the unicorn like bone was just the rear part of a larger cranial crest that started from the tip of the snout the front of the crest would have been formed by ascending processes of the praemaxillae these had expanded rhomboid contact facets with the expanded upper parts of the crest processes of the nasal bones forming the rear of the crest the rear base of the crest was covered by outgrowths of the prefrontals the fused nasal bones would have formed a hollow tubular structure the height of the crest would have exceeded that of the rear skull measured along the quadrates though largely vertical the crest is directed slightly to the rear the forward inclination of the holotype crest would be the result of a distortion of the fossil 5 reinterpretation of the skull crest the new reconstruction by prieto márquez and wagner also led to a new hypothesis about the internal air passages of the crest yang had assumed that the tubular hollowing in the preserved part of the holotype would have served as the main intake of air this was rejected by prieto márquez and wagner who pointed out that the tube was closed at its lower end and that with lambeosaurines in general the air passages are located in a more forward position the bony nostrils being completely enclosed by the praemaxillae they assumed that tsintaosaurus would have had a standard lambeosaurine arrangement in the snout the air when inhaling entering the skull through the paired pseudonares the fake nostrils of the praemaxillae behind the upper beak from there the air would have been transported through paired passages below the median processes of the praemaxillae to the top of the crest subsequently entering a common median chamber within the lobe the rear of the chamber was formed by the nasal bones and probably homologous to the nasal cavity the chamber was divided into two smaller cavities one at the front the other at the rear by curved median processes of the praemaxillae forming hooks around a passage between the cavities from the rear cavity the air was transported to below towards the internal skull cavity although it is usually assumed that a single passage served for this purpose prieto márquez and wagner saw indications in the form of the nasal that there were paired downward passages to the inside of the lateral processes of the praemaxillae from this they concluded that the entire airflow was likely separated the common medium chamber probably being divided into a left and right section by a cartilaginous septum 5 mount with outdated crest in shandong museum the conclusion that the tubular structure in the rear nasal bones was not an air passage forced prieto márquez and wagner to find an alternative explanation of its function they suggested that it would have served to lessen the weight of the crest such a tube combining relative strength with a low bone mass tsintaosaurus would have differed in this from more derived lambeosaurines which have a front extension of the frontal bone in the form of a bone sheet supporting the crest 5 other distinctive traits edit size of tsintaosaurus compared to a human apart from the crest prieto márquez and wagner identified several other distinctive traits autapomorphies of tsintaosaurus the rim of the upper beak is rounded and thick wider than the transverse width of the front depression around the nostrils as far as this depression is situated on the praemaxillae it is at each side divided lengthwise by two ridges obliquely continuing to below and sideways internally the fused nasal bones form a bony block in front of the braincase the rear of the nasal bone is clipped by front extensions of the frontal bone the topmost of which is elevated relative to the skull roof the ascending branches of the praemaxillae have internal processes pointing to behind below and slightly inside dividing a shared chamber at the midline the prefrontal possesses a flange continuing from the lower part of the lacrimal bone to the lower part of the ascending process of the prefrontal and connecting to a process on the side of the praemaxilla to form an elevation on the side of the crest base the side and the underside of the prefrontal show deep vertical grooves the supratemporal fenestra is transversely wider than long 5 classification edit tsintaosaurus may form a clade in lambeosaurinae with the european genera pararhabdodon and koutalisaurus probable synonym of pararhabdodon 6 the position of tsintaosaurus in the evolutionary tree according to a 2013 study by prieto márquez e a is indicated by this cladogram 7 left prefrontal lambeosaurinae aralosaurini aralosaurus canardia jaxartosaurus tsintaosaurini tsintaosaurus pararhabdodon parasaurolophini charonosaurus parasaurolophus parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus parasaurolophus tubicen parasaurolophus walkeri lambeosaurini lambeosaurus lambeosaurus lambei lambeosaurus magnicristatus corythosaurus corythosaurus casuarius corythosaurus intermedius hypacrosaurus stebingeri hypacrosaurus olorotitan arenysaurus blasisaurus magnapaulia velafrons amurosaurus sahaliyania paleoecology edit pre 2013 restoration showing outdated crest shape a study of dinosaur eggs in successive layers of the wangshi series of shandong province of which the jingangkou formation is the most recent layer shows that the region was one of high dinosaur diversity and that the climate had become drier from the preceding jiangjunding formation 8 see also edit dinosaurs portal timeline of hadrosaur research references edit 1 2 3 young c c 1958 the dinosaurian remains of laiyang shantung palaeontologia sinica new series c 42 16 whole number 1 138 creisler b 2002 dinosauria translation and pronunciation guide t dol dinosaur omnipedia archived from the original on 31 december 2005 retrieved 24 february 2010 gregory s paul 2010 the princeton field guide to dinosaurs united states princeton university press pp 308 isbn 978 0 691 13720 9 buffetaut e tong h 1993 tsintaosaurus spinorhinus young and tanius sinensis wiman a preliminary comparative study of two hadrosaurs dinosauria from the upper cretaceous of china c r academy of science paris 2 317 1255 1261 1 2 3 4 prieto márquez a wagner j r 2013 the unicorn dinosaur that wasn t a new reconstruction of the crest of tsintaosaurus and the early evolution of the lambeosaurine crest and rostrum plos one 8 11 e82268 bibcode 2013ploso 882268p doi 10 1371 journal pone 0082268 pmc 3838384 pmid 24278478 prieto márquez a wagner j r 2009 pararhabdodon isonensis and tsintaosaurus spinorhinus a new clade of lambeosaurine hadrosaurids from eurasia cretaceous research online preprint 5 1238 1246 bibcode 2009crres 30 1238p doi 10 1016 j cretres 2009 06 005 hdl 2152 41080 s2cid 85081036 prieto marquez a vecchia f m d gaete r galobart a 2013 diversity relationships and biogeography of the lambeosaurine dinosaurs from the european archipelago with description of the new aralosaurin canardia garonnensis plos one 8 7 e69835 bibcode 2013ploso 869835p doi 10 1371 journal pone 0069835 pmc 3724916 pmid 23922815 zhao zikui zhang shukang wang qiang wang xiaolin 2013 dinosaur diversity during the transition between the middle and late parts of the late cretaceous in eastern shandong province china evidence from dinosaur eggshells chinese science bulletin 58 36 4663 4669 bibcode 2013chsbu 58 4663z doi 10 1007 s11434 013 6059 9 s2cid 131373599 v t e ornithopoda kingdom animalia phylum chordata clade dinosauria clade ornithischia clade neornithischia clade cerapoda avemetatarsalia see avemetatarsalia ornithischia see ornithischia ornithopoda see below ornithopoda ornithopoda burianosaurus callovosaurus thescelosauridae hypsilophodontidae gideonmantellia hypsilophodon vectidromeus elasmaria anabisetia atlascopcosaurus chakisaurus diluvicursor fostoria galleonosaurus gasparinisaura isasicursor kangnasaurus leaellynasaura macrogryphosaurus mahuidacursor morrosaurus muttaburrasaurus notohypsilophodon qantassaurus sektensaurus talenkauen tietasaura trinisaura weewarrasaurus rhabdodontomorpha ampelognathus emiliasaura foskeia fostoria muttaburrasaurus obelignathus tenontosauridae convolosaurus iani tenontosaurus rhabdodontidae matheronodon mochlodon pareisactus rhabdodon transylvanosaurus zalmoxes dryomorpha draconyx hesperonyx owenodon dryosauridae dryosaurus dysalotosaurus elrhazosaurus eousdryosaurus iyuku kangnasaurus valdosaurus ankylopollexia barilium bayannurosaurus calvarius camptosaurus cedrorestes cumnoria dakotadon emiliasaura fukuisaurus hippodraco iguanacolossus istiorachis lanzhousaurus lurdusaurus magnamanus napaisaurus oblitosaurus osmakasaurus planicoxa proa ratchasimasaurus riabininohadros theiophytalia uteodon hadrosauriformes bolong hypselospinus jinzhousaurus mantellisaurus morelladon ouranosaurus iguanodontidae barilium comptonatus iguanodon mantellisaurus hadrosauroidea see below hadrosauroidea hadrosauroidea altirhinus bactrosaurus batyrosaurus brighstoneus cariocecus choyrodon claosaurus comptonatus datonglong eolambia equijubus fylax gilmoreosaurus gobihadros gongpoquansaurus gonkoken haolong huehuecanauhtlus hypsibema jeyawati jintasaurus koshisaurus levnesovia lophorhothon nanningosaurus nanyangosaurus penelopognathus plesiohadros portellsaurus probactrosaurus protohadros qianjiangsaurus shuangmiaosaurus siamodon sirindhorna tanius xuwulong yunganglong zhanghenglong zuoyunlong telmatosauridae kryptohadros telmatosaurus tethyshadros hadrosauridae aquilarhinus eotrachodon hadrosaurus lapampasaurus malefica yamatosaurus lambeosaurinae adynomosaurus ajnabia angulomastacator aralosaurus arenysaurus blasisaurus canardia jaxartosaurus kazaklambia latirhinus minqaria nipponosaurus pararhabdodon taleta tsintaosaurus parasaurolophini adelolophus charonosaurus parasaurolophus plesiolophus tlatolophus lambeosaurini amurosaurus corythosaurus hypacrosaurus lambeosaurus magnapaulia olorotitan velafrons saurolophinae barsboldia brachylophosaurini acristavus brachylophosaurus gongshuilong maiasaura ornatops probrachylophosaurus wulagasaurus austrokritosauria bonapartesaurus huallasaurus kelumapusaura secernosaurus kritosaurini ahshislesaurus anasazisaurus coahuilasaurus gryposaurus kritosaurus naashoibitosaurus rhinorex saurolophini augustynolophus prosaurolophus saurolophus edmontosaurini edmontosaurus kamuysaurus kerberosaurus kundurosaurus laiyangosaurus shantungosaurus related articles ichnotaxa amblydactylus anomoepus bonaparteichnium camptosaurichnus caririchnium dakotasaurus dinehichnus hadrosaurichnus iguanodontipus orcauichnites ornithopodichnites shiraminesauropus sousaichnium staurichnium tetrapodosaurus wintonopus ootaxa guegoolithus nomina dubia arstanosaurus cionodon claorhynchus diclonius eucercosaurus fulgurotherium glishades koutalisaurus loncosaurus mandschurosaurus microhadrosaurus ornithotarsus orthomerus pteropelyx siluosaurus stephanosaurus syngonosaurus thespesius tichosteus trachodon willinakaqe other articles arkharavia basturs poble bonebed dakota fossil hadrosaur diet hypsilophodont list of informal dinosaur names contains hadrosaur nomina nuda timeline of hadrosaur research edmontosaurus mummy amnh 5060 edmontosaurus mummy s m r4036 taxon identifiers tsintaosaurus wikidata q131284 wikispecies tsintaosaurus eol 4531767 gbif old 4823282 irmng 1088759 open tree of life 4947893 paleobiology database 38778 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title tsintaosaurus oldid 1336428992 categories lambeosaurinae dinosaur genera campanian dinosaurs taxa named by yang zhongjian fossil taxa described in 1958 dinosaurs of china hidden categories use dmy dates from march 2022 articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with species microformats cs1 long volume value this 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