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and cost effective alternative to laying surface rails and roads expensive compulsory purchase of buildings and land with potentially lengthy planning inquiries is eliminated disadvantages of tbms arise from their usually large size the difficulty of transporting the large tbm to the site of tunnel construction or alternatively the high cost of assembling the tbm on site often within the confines of the tunnel being constructed there are a variety of tbm designs that can operate in a variety of conditions from hard rock to soft water bearing ground some types of tbms the bentonite slurry and earth pressure balance machines have pressurised compartments at the front end allowing them to be used in difficult conditions below the water table this pressurizes the ground ahead of the tbm cutter head to balance the water pressure the operators work in normal air pressure behind the pressurised compartment but may occasionally have to enter that compartment to renew or repair the cutters this requires special precautions such as local ground treatment or halting the tbm at a position free from water despite these difficulties tbms are now preferred over the older method of tunnelling in compressed air with an air lock decompression chamber some way back from the tbm which required operators to work in high pressure and go through decompression procedures at the end of their shifts much like deep sea divers in february 2010 aker wirth delivered a tbm to switzerland for the expansion of the linth limmern power stations located south of linthal in the canton of glarus the borehole has a diameter of 8 03 metres 26 3 ft 4 the four tbms used for excavating the 57 kilometre 35 mi gotthard base tunnel in switzerland had a diameter of about 9 metres 30 ft a larger tbm was built to bore the green heart tunnel dutch tunnel groene hart as part of the hsl zuid in the netherlands with a diameter of 14 87 metres 48 8 ft 5 this in turn was superseded by the madrid m30 ringroad spain and the chong ming tunnels in shanghai china all of these machines were built at least partly by herrenknecht as of january 2023 update the largest tbm by head diameter ever built was the tuen mun chek lap kok tbm a 17 6 metre 58 ft diameter machine built by herrenknecht for the tuen mun chek lap kok link in hong kong 6 clay kicking edit clay kicking is a specialised method developed in the united kingdom of digging tunnels in strong clay based soil structures unlike previous manual methods of using mattocks which relied on the soil structure to be hard clay kicking was relatively silent and hence did not harm soft clay based structures the clay kicker lies on a plank at a 45 degree angle away from the working face and inserts a tool with a cup like rounded end with the feet turning the tool manually the kicker extracts a section of soil which is then placed on the waste extract used in victorian civil engineering the method found favour in the renewal of britain s ancient sewerage systems by not having to remove all property or infrastructure to create a small tunnel system during the first world war the system was used by royal engineer tunnelling companies to put mines beneath the german empire lines the method was virtually silent and so not susceptible to listening methods of detection 7 shafts edit 1886 illustration showing the ventilation and drainage system of the mersey railway tunnel a temporary access shaft is sometimes necessary during the excavation of a tunnel they are usually circular and go straight down until they reach the level at which the tunnel is going to be built a shaft normally has concrete walls and is usually built to be permanent once the access shafts are complete tbms are lowered to the bottom and excavation can start shafts are the main entrance in and out of the tunnel until the project is completed if a tunnel is going to be long multiple shafts at various locations may be bored so that entrance to the tunnel is closer to the unexcavated area 8 once construction is complete construction access shafts are often used as ventilation shafts and may also be used as emergency exits 9 sprayed concrete techniques edit the new austrian tunneling method natm was developed in the 1960s and is the best known of a number of engineering practices that use calculated and empirical measurements to provide safe support to the tunnel lining the main idea of this method is to use the geological stress of the surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel by allowing a measured relaxation and stress reassignment into the surrounding rock to prevent full loads becoming imposed on the supports based on geotechnical measurements an optimal cross section is computed the excavation is protected by a layer of sprayed concrete commonly referred to as shotcrete other support measures can include steel arches rock bolts and mesh technological developments in sprayed concrete technology have resulted in steel and polypropylene fibres being added to the concrete mix to improve lining strength this creates a natural load bearing ring which minimizes the rock s deformation illowra battery utility tunnel port kembla one of many bunkers south of sydney by special monitoring the natm method is flexible even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work the measured rock properties lead to appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening in the last decades also soft ground excavations up to 10 kilometres 6 2 mi became usual pipe jacking edit main article pipe jacking in pipe jacking hydraulic jacks are used to push specially made pipes through the ground behind a tbm or shield this method is commonly used to create tunnels under existing structures such as roads or railways tunnels constructed by pipe jacking are normally small diameter bores with a maximum size of around 3 2 metres 10 ft box jacking edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message box jacking is similar to pipe jacking but instead of jacking tubes a box shaped tunnel is used jacked boxes can be a much larger span than a pipe jack with the span of some box jacks in excess of 20 metres 66 ft a cutting head is normally used at the front of the box being jacked and spoil removal is normally by excavator from within the box recent developments of the jacked arch and jacked deck have enabled longer and larger structures to be installed to close accuracy underwater tunnels edit shark tunnel at the georgia aquarium main article undersea tunnel there are also several approaches to underwater tunnels the two most common being bored tunnels or immersed tubes examples are bjørvika tunnel and marmaray submerged floating tunnels are a novel approach under consideration however no such tunnels have been constructed to date land tunnels edit a new kind of tunnels is used to reduce the environmental impact of motorways or railways land tunnels these are not underground tunnels but built at ground level the urban area next to the tunnel can be raised with ground or buildings for instance parking facilities to improve the integration of the tunnel in the immediate area a good early example of such a land tunnel is the a2 motorway tunnel at leidsche rijn near the dutch city of utrecht 10 temporary way edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message during construction of a tunnel it is often convenient to install a temporary railway particularly to remove excavated spoil often narrow gauge so that it can be double track to allow the operation of empty and loaded trains at the same time the temporary way is replaced by the permanent way at completion thus explaining the term perway enlargement edit a utility tunnel in prague the vehicles or traffic using a tunnel can outgrow it requiring replacement or enlargement the 1832 double track mile long tunnel from edge hill to lime street in liverpool was near totally removed apart from a 50 metre section at edge hill and a section nearer to lime street as four tracks were required the tunnel was dug out into a very deep four track cutting with short tunnels in places along the cutting train services were not interrupted as the work progressed 11 12 there are other occurrences of tunnels being replaced by open cuts for example the auburn tunnel the farnworth tunnel in england was enlarged using a tunnel boring machine tbm in 2015 13 the rhyndaston tunnel was enlarged using a borrowed tbm so as to be able to take iso containers open building pit edit an open building pit consists of a horizontal and a vertical boundary that keeps groundwater and soil out of the pit there are several potential alternatives and combinations for horizontal and vertical building pit boundaries the most important difference with cut and cover is that the open building pit is muted after tunnel construction no roof is placed 14 citation needed see also edit microtunneling tunnel construction technique drilling and blasting excavation method using explosives hydraulic splitter portable hydraulic tool for breaking rocks references edit elon musk on la subway extension ted interview 2017 warum 1 meter autobahn 300 000 franken kosten kann nzz 2005 12 13 dänisches parlament beschließt bau des ostsee tunnels der spiegel 2015 04 28 tunnels tunnelling international tunnelsonline info archived from the original on 2012 03 16 retrieved 2013 04 19 the groene hart tunnel hslzuid nl archived from the original on september 25 2009 retrieved 2013 04 19 bouygues confirms largest tunnel boring machine launch 9 june 2015 tunnelling tunnellersmemorial com archived from the original on august 23 2010 retrieved 2010 06 20 united states army corps of engineers 1978 tunnels and shafts in rock washington dc department of the army flexi peter roof repairs canberra retrieved 27 september 2022 van der hoeven frank 2010 landtunnel utrecht at leidsche rijn the conceptualisation of the dutch multifunctional tunnel tunnelling and underground space technology 25 5 508 517 bibcode 2010tusti 25 508v doi 10 1016 j tust 2010 03 005 archived copy archived from the original on 2016 03 04 retrieved 2009 04 02 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link archived copy archived from the original on 2016 03 04 retrieved 2009 04 02 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link the railway magazine august 2015 p12 konstructia b s 2020 10 11 open construction method in sofia underground bs konstructia in bulgarian retrieved 2025 12 25 further reading edit chapman david metje nicole stärk alfred 2018 introduction to tunnel construction 2nd ed crc press isbn 9781498766241 v t e man made and man related subterranea natural features cave cenote grotto sinkhole civilian features bank vault basement burial vault tomb borehole catacombs dungeon dugout shelter dry well earth shelter erdstall fogou hypogeum manhole rapid transit rock cut tomb root cellar tunnel utility vault underground city well wine cave secret passage semi basement stepwell storm cellar smuggling tunnel ventilation shaft military features air raid shelter bunker blast shelter casemate fallout shelter missile launch facility silo scallywag bunker underground base underground hangar spider hole mining quarrying and underground construction rock cut architecture subsurface utility engineering tunnel construction underground mine ventilation underground hard rock mining underground soft rock mining related topics cave dweller caves of maastricht civil defense coober pedy houston tunnel system kőbánya cellar system tunnel warfare tunnel network trench warfare underground living underground city beijing underground city montreal mine exploration mines of paris mole people naples underground geothermal zone sapping subterranean london subterranean toledo subterranean warfare subterranean fiction earth shelters us bill gates house forestiere underground gardens underground house colorado underground house las vegas underground world home earth shelters uk underhill holme hockerton housing project malator earth shelters australia coober pedy lightning ridge v t e construction types home construction offshore construction underground construction tunnel construction history architecture construction industrialization infrastructure structural engineering timeline of architecture water supply and sanitation world s tallest buildings professions architect building engineer building estimator building officials chartered building surveyor civil engineer civil estimator clerk of works project manager quantity surveyor site manager structural engineer superintendent trades workers list banksman boilermaker bricklayer carpenter concrete finisher 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cornerstone flo...