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article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 classification 2 morphology 3 lexicon 4 references toggle references subsection 4 1 citations 4 2 bibliography toggle the table of contents tuoba language 7 languages bikol central bahasa indonesia igbo 日本語 한국어 türkçe 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia extinct 5th century language of northern china tuoba t opa tabγač taγbač native to tuoba region northern china and mongolia ethnicity tuoba era 5th century language family unclassified language mongolic or para mongolic turkic tuoba writing system serbi script 1 language codes iso 639 3 none mis glottolog none tuoba tabγač or tabghach also taγbač or taghbach chinese 拓跋 is an extinct language spoken by the tuoba people in northern china around the 5th century ad during the northern wei dynasty it has variously been considered to be of para mongolic or turkic affiliations 2 3 4 classification edit there is no consensus on the classification of the tuoba language and it has been identified as either a mongolic language or a turkic language no tuoba texts have survived and the only sources for the tuoba language are glosses scattered in chinese texts 2 4 according to the book of the later han the language and culture of the xianbei are the same as the wuhuan 5 with the exception of shiratori kurakichi 1912 1913 who was the first to claim tuoba as a mongolian language most scholars during the first half of the 20th century such as peter a boodberg louis bazin gerard clauson rené grousset paul pelliot and wolfram eberhard believed that the tuoba people and language were primarily turkic with perhaps some mongolic admixture this lasted until the 1970s when lajos ligeti argued that both the xianbei and tuoba languages were actually mongolic due to the existence of obvious mongolic cognates pulleyblank was favorable to ligeti s argument and concluded in 1983 that the classification was sound while noting that there were probably turkic and non mongolian elements integrated into the tuoba confederacy this was followed by another agreement from gerhard doerfer in 1992 2 4 6 7 8 in 1996 juha janhunen proposed that the tuoba might have spoken an oghur turkic language 3 however in 2003 janhunen and claus schönig both came to the conclusion that the tuoba language was mongolic and its identification as turkic was incorrect janhunen says that this mistake was partly caused by the existence of turkic names and titles but these were widespread cultural words in central and east asia schönig states that due to advances in research on khitan language the mongolic or para mongolic identity of the xianbei and tuoba was becoming more evident schönig points out that the first identifiable layer of mongolic loanwords entering turkic languages is dated to the xianbei period when the linguistic flow of turkic into mongolic was at least partly reversed 9 in 2005 chen sanping used new evidence from tuoba onomastic data to argue that the core tuoba clans likely spoke a turkic language 10 11 chen s argument for a turkic tuoba language has received pushback from a number of scholars including alexander vovin stephen g haw and chen hao vovin criticized chen for his lack of examples and blamed him for reviving the idea that the tuoba language was turkic vovin used new reconstructions of early middle chinese to study the tuoba language and found that it shared unique similarities to the manchu language such as the initial consonant m that does not exist in turkic languages 2 in 2012 chen expanded on his argument by reiterating the onomastic data and separating the tuoba into core clans that were turkic and non core clans that were mongolic however a review of chen s 2012 work by haw found his new argument for a turkic tuoba language to be unconvincing 12 13 in 2020 chen hao also voiced opposition to chen sanping s argument for a turkic tuoba language 14 other more recent works by an king lim 2016 2023 classifies tuoba as a turkic language 15 16 while andrew shimunek 2017 classifies tuoba as a serbi i e para mongolic language shimunek s serbi branch also consists of the tuyuhun and khitan languages 1 in 2022 holcombe stated that the scholarly opinion has shifted in favor of the tuoba language as mongolic 17 a number of chinese authors such as zhu xueyuan 2000 wuqilatu 2002 and luo xin 2009 regard the xianbei language as mongolic or proto mongolic 18 liu xueyao argues that the tuoba may have had their own language that was only broadly ural altaic and should not be assumed to be identical with any other known languages 19 morphology edit some functional suffixes are 1 a y ʁa y verbal noun suffix al l deverbal noun suffix čɪ či suffix denoting occupations cognates with turkic suffix či 20 mɔr mʊr 萬 deverbal noun suffix cognates with turkic suffix mur 21 n plural suffix lexicon edit further information wiktionary appendix taghbach word list selected basic taghbach words from shimunek 2017 are listed below forms reconstructed using the comparative method are marked with one asterisk while forms reconstructed according to the chinese fanqie spellings and or rhymes of the traditional chinese philological tradition are marked with two asterisks originally marked as by shimunek 2017 1 taghbach reconstructed form taghbach original chinese transcription english meaning original chinese gloss agyɪl agɪl 屋引 house 房 čʰɪrnɔ 叱奴 wolf 狼 dɪʁa 地何 writing book document 書 ɦatśir̃ 阿真 food 飲食 ɦorbǝl 嗢盆 warmth 溫 ɪrgɪn 俟懃 above superior 尚 kʰɪl 乞 to speak kʰɪr 契 to kill someone 殺人 kʰɪrʁayčɪn 契害真 assassins 殺人者 ñaqañ 若干 dog 狗 pary al 拔列 bridge 梁 pʰatala 破多羅 rice water 潘 qɔw qəw 侯 pig boar 亥 tʰaʁ 托 dirt soil earth 土 tʰʊʁnar 土難 mountain 山 tʰʊʁay 吐奚 ancient 古 uwl ʊwl 宥連 cloud 雲 yirtʊqañ yirtʊqan 壹斗眷 bright 明 žirpəŋ 是賁 raised earth embankment 封 žiʁlʊ 是樓 high tall 高 references edit citations edit wiktionary has a word list at appendix taghbach word list 1 2 3 4 shimunek andrew 2017 languages of ancient southern mongolia and north china a historical comparative study of the serbi or xianbei branch of the serbi mongolic language family with an analysis of northeastern frontier chinese and old tibetan phonology wiesbaden harrassowitz verlag isbn 978 3 447 10855 3 oclc 993110372 1 2 3 4 vovin alexander once again on the tabghach language mongolian studues xxix 2007 1 2 juha janhunen 1996 manchuria an ethnic history p 190 1 2 3 holcombe charles 2001 the genesis of east asia 221 b c a d 907 p 132 west 2009 p 191 steppes empire 1939 turkic vigor so marked among the first tabgatch ruler united states rené grousset isbn 978 0 8135 0627 2 cite book isbn date incompatibility help eberhard wolfram 1949 das toba reich nordchinas eine soziologische untersuchung leiden brill pelliot paul 1925 les mots à h initial aujourd hui amuie dans le mongol des xiiie et xive siècles ja 206 193 263 janhunen juha 2003 janhunen juha ed the mongolic languages london new york routledge p 393 406 assuming that the xianbei and tabghach were indeed linguistically mongolic para mongolic chen sanping 2005 turkic or proto mongolian a note on the tuoba language central asiatic journal 49 2 161 174 issn 0008 9192 jstor 41928391 holcombe 2001 p 248 chen 2012 p 190 192 sfn error no target citerefchen2012 help haw 2012 p 644 hao 2020 p 523 an king lim 2016 on sino turkic a first glance 北俗初探 journal of language contact an king lim 2023 on the 5 th century tabghatch sinification a pivotal event in sinitic historical phonology 拓跋氏漢化及切韻 holcombe 2022 p 243 choi 2024 p 119 liu xueyao p 83 86 çi nisanyansozluk com retrieved august 27 2026 mur nişanyan sözlük bibliography edit choi jinyeol 2024 the death of a language the xianbei language after emperor xiaowen s ban korea national university of heritage hao chen 2020 inventing surnames a case study of tabgach identity construction acta orientalia hung haw stephen g 2012 review of multicultural china in the early middle ages journal of the royal asiatic society holcombe charles 2022 the tabgatch empire and the idea of china the historian keightley david n 1983 the origins of chinese civilization university of california press liu xueyao 2005 歷代胡族王朝之民族政策 知書房出版集團 isbn 9789867151018 liu xueyao 2012 鮮卑列國 大興安嶺傳奇 三聯書店 香港 有限公司 isbn 9789628904327 west barbara a 2009 encyclopedia of the peoples of asia and oceania facts on file v t e serbi mongolic languages mongolic dagur moghol rouran central buryat khamnigan mongolian khalkha oirat alasha darkhad kalmyk torgut sart kalmyk peripheral baarin chakhar khorchin ordos southern eastern yugur shirongolic monguor baoanic bonan kangjia santa mixed qoqmončaq tangwang wutun historical proto mongolic middle mongol classical mongolian para mongolic awar common serbi duan khitan qifu tuoba tuyuhun italics indicate extinct languages v t e turkic languages list of turkic languages reconstructed proto turkic oghur bulgar chuvash onogur common turkic argu khalaj karluk western uzbek northern uzbek southern uzbek eastern ili turki uyghur khoton lop äynu old chagatai karakhanid khorezmian kipchak bulgar bashkir tatar mishar tatar nagaibak old tatar cuman armeno kipchak crimean tatar cuman karachay balkar karaim krymchak kumyk mamluk kipchak urum kyrgyz fergana kipchak kyrgyz pamir kyrgyz siberian tatar baraba tatar tom tatar southern altai telengit teleut nogai karakalpak kazakh nogai siberian tatar tobol irtysh tatar oghuz northern salar eastern khorasani turkic turkmen trukhmen southern afshari chaharmahali turkic qashqai sonqori western azerbaijani north azerbaijani south azerbaijani ajem turkic balkan gagauz gagauz karapapakh turkish tsalka karamanli turkish old anatolian turkish ottoman turkish siberian northern dolgan yakut southern chulym lower chulym sayan steppe tuvan taiga dukhan soyot tofa tuha yenisei fuyu kyrgyz khakas kamas turk northern altai chelkan kumandy tuba shor western yugur old old uyghur orkhon turkic disputed classification khazar pecheneg potentially turkic languages di pannonian avar tuoba creoles and pidgins hezhou kurbet qoqmončaq italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left v t e languages of china official standard chinese varieties of chinese danzhou mandarin northeastern beijing ji lu jiao liao zhongyuan lan yin jin southwestern sichuanese southeastern gan hakka hui mai min southern hokkien teoswa hainanese eastern puxian central northern shaojiang pinghua shaozhou tuhua shanke wu chu qu jiangshan qingtian quzhou oujiang taihu jinxiang northwestern changzhou hangzhou northern zhejiang ningbo shaoxing su jia hu shanghainese suzhou wuxi taizhou taizhou proper wuzhou jinhua xuanzhou xiang new old yue cantonese regional ars sars cantonese hk mc english hk mongolian nm portuguese mc tibetan xz uyghur xj zhuang gx prefecture hmong kam bouyei tujia korean qiang yi kyrgyz kazakh tai nüa tai lü zaiwa lisu bai hani zhuang counties banners numerous indigenous sino tibetan languages lolo burmese mondzish kathu maang manga mango maza mondzi muangphe burmish achang chashan lashi lhao vo pela xiandao zaiwa loloish hanoish akeu akha amu angluo asuo baihong bisu budu bukong cosao duoni duota enu habei hani honi jino kabie kaduo lami laomian laopin mpi muda nuobi nuomei phana piyo qidi sadu sangkong suobi tsukong woni yiche lisoish eka hlersu kua nsi kuamasi laizisi lalo lamu lavu lawu limi lipo lisu lolopo mangdi micha mili sonaga toloza xuzhang yangliu zibusi nisoish alingpo alugu aluo axi azha azhe bokha gepo khlula lope moji muji muzi nasu nisu nuosu phala phola phowa phukha phuma phupa phupha phuza samei sani thopho zokhuo other gokhy katso kucong lahu naruo namuyi naxi nusu samu sanie zauzou qiangic baima choyo ersu guiqiong horpa japhug khroskyabs laze lizu na muya namuyi naxi pumi northern qiang southern qiang shixing situ tshobdun zbu zhaba tibetic amdo baima basum central tibetan choni dao dongwang drugchu groma gserpa khalong khams kyirong ladakhi tseku zhongu zitsadegu other bai caijia derung jingpo longjia nung tujia waxianghua other languages austroasiatic auva avala bit blang bolyu bugan bumang hu kuan mang man met muak sa aak palaung riang u va northern southern wa hmong mien hmongic a hmao bu nao gejia guiyang hm nai hmong hmu huishui kiong nai luobohe mashan pa hng pa na pingtang qo xiong raojia sanqiao sheyu small flowery xixiu younuo mienic biao min dzao min iu mien kim mun mongolic bonan buryat daur eastern yugur kangjia khamnigan monguor oirat ordos santa torgut kra dai zhuang bouyei dai min ningming nong tai dam tai dón tai hongjin tai lü tai nüa tai ya yang yei other ai cham biao buyang cao miao chadong cun gelao hlai jiamao kam lakkja mak maonan mulam naxi yao ong be paha qabiao sui then tungusic evenki manchu nanai oroqen xibe turkic äynu fuyu kyrgyz ili turki salar western yugur other sarikoli indo european tsat austronesian formosan languages austronesian minority kazakh korean kyrgyz russian esperanto tatar tuvan uzbek vietnamese kinh wakhi creole mixed e hezhou lingling macanese maojia qoqmončaq tangwang wutun extinct ba shu jie khitan old yue rouran saka tangut tocharian tuoba tuyuhun xianbei zhangzhung sign chinese sign hong kong sign tibetan sign gx guangxi hk hong kong mc macau nm inner mongolia xj xinjiang xz tibet retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title tuoba_language oldid 1374400870 categories languages attested since the 5th century agglutinative languages unclassified languages of asia languages of china medieval languages extinct languages of asia tuoba hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing uncoded language text languages without glottolog code language articles with unreferenced extinction date languages with neither iso nor glottolog code articles containing chinese language text cs1 errors isbn date harv and sfn no target errors this page was last edited on 11 september 2026 at 21 03 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view 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