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t model for discussions about public affairs the new rhetoric of public ideals captured interest of peoples throughout islamic world including the area where in public affairs turco persian culture once was prominent the islamic moral imagery that survived in informal relations emerged as the model of ideology expressed in its most political form in the islamic revolution of iran and in the islamic idealism of the afghanistan mujahedin resistance movement 38 39 40 the islamic resurgence has been less a renewal of faith and dedication than a public resurfacing of perspectives and ideals previously relegated to less public informal relations under the impact of european secular influences they are not medieval islamic ideals but important ideological traditions that survived an era of great change and now are used to interpret the problems of contemporary times 41 42 the turco persian islamic tradition provided the elements they have used to express their shared concerns list of turko persian states and dynasties edit this table may contain original research please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations statements consisting only of original research should be removed june 2026 learn how and when to remove this message greater iran edit name years map notes ghaznavids 977 1186 culturally persianate 43 44 45 46 empire of turkic origin see state and culture of ghaznavids they claimed ancestry from yazdgerd iii r 632 651 the last sasanian ruler 47 seljuk empire 1037 1194 culturally persianate empire of oghuz turkic origin see culture and language of seljuk empire khwarazmian empire 1077 1231 culturally persianate sunni muslim empire of turkic mamluk origin timurid empire 1370 1507 culturally persianate 48 49 empire of turco mongol origin see culture of timurid empire qara qoyunlu 1374 1468 culturally persianate 50 51 tribal confederation of turkoman oghuz turkic origin see also governance and culture of qara qoyunlu aq qoyunlu 1378 1508 culturally persianate 50 52 51 tribal confederation of turkoman oghuz turkic origin see also governance and culture of aq qoyunlu central and south asia edit name years map notes kara khanid khanate 840 1212 the first turkic entity established by karluk turks it was also the first to adopt islam among turkic people ultimately paved way for the emergence of turco persian culture 10 1 chagatai khanate 1227 1462 originally a sub division of the mongol empire it later underwent assimilation to karluk turkic society and moved away from tribal politics to become the persianate regime of central asia 53 54 55 moghulistan 1347 1660s a breakaway entity of the chagatai khanate of turco mongol origin but culturally persianate its breakaway entities turpan khanate and yarkent khanate had continued the turco persian tradition 56 khanate of bukhara 1501 1785 originally the kipchak turkic people of uzbek khanate under the shaybanids and janids later underwent assimilation to karluk turkic society and moved away from tribal politics to become the persianate regime of central asia its spin off khanate of khiva and khanate of kokand both of the same karlukified uzbeks ultimately followed the same pattern 34 57 58 59 qutb shahi dynasty 1518 1687 culturally persianate 60 dynasty of turkoman oghuz turkic origin see culture of qutb shahi dynasty mughal empire 1526 1857 culturally persianate 61 33 empire of turco mongol origin anatolia and balkans edit name years map notes sultanate of rûm 1077 1308 culturally persianate sultanate of oghuz turkic origin see culture and society of sultanate of rûm ottoman empire 1299 1923 culturally persianate sultanate of oghuz turkic origin see also edit 16 great turkic empires chagatai language culture of the ottoman empire greater iran hazaras indo persian culture iranian peoples islam in iran ottoman turkish persianate society persianization turco mongol tradition turkic peoples turkification uzbekisation bibliography edit subtelny maria e 2007 timurids in transition turko persian politics and acculturation in medieval iran brill references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 robert l canfield turko persia in historical perspective cambridge university press 1991 1 2 canfield robert l 1991 turko persia in historical perspective cambridge united kingdom cambridge university press p 1 origins isbn 0 521 52291 9 canfield robert l 1991 turko persia in historical perspective cambridge united kingdom cambridge university press p 12 isbn 0 521 52291 9 1 2 3 4 hodgson marshall g s 1974 the venture of islam 3 vols chicago university of chicago press bernard lewis the middle east 1995 p 87 schlumberger daniel 1952 le palais ghaznévide de lashkari bazar syria 29 3 4 263 267 doi 10 3406 syria 1952 4789 issn 0039 7946 jstor 4390312 frye r n 1975 the golden age of persia the arabs in the east london weidenfeld and nicolson and new york barnes and noble 1921 the persianate world the frontiers of a eurasian lingua franca ed nile green university of california press 2019 10 lars johanson christiane bulut otto harrassowitz verlag 2006 turkic iranian contact areas historical and linguistic aspects p 1 1 2 frantz grenet 2022 splendeurs des oasis d ouzbékistan paris louvre editions p 232 isbn 978 84 125278 5 8 fig 181 prince en trône flanqué de deux courtisans iran vers 1170 1220 samarcande musée national d histoire des vaisselles de typologie iranienne ont été mises à jour à afrasiab des coupes lustrées et des fragments à décor polychrome y ont également été découverts fig 181 frye r n 1965 bukhara the medieval achievement norman university of oklahoma press vii roy p mottahedeh the shu ubiyah controversy and the social history of early islamic iran international journal of middle east studies vol 7 no 2 apr 1976 pp 161 182 najwa al qattan dhimmis in the muslim court legal autonomy and religious discrimination international journal of middle east studies vol 31 no 3 aug 1999 pp 429 444 nathan light turkic literature and the politics of culture in islamic world ch 3 in slippery paths the performance and canonization of turkic literature and uyghur muqam song in islam and modernity thesis ph d indiana university 1998 francis robinson perso islamic culture in india in r l canfield turko persia in historical perspective cambridge university press 1991 quotation in describing the second great culture of the islamic world as perso islamic we do not wish to play down the considerable contribution of the turkish peoples to its military and political success nor do we wish to suggest that it is particularly the achievement of the great cities of the iranian plateau we adopt this term because it seems best to describe that culture raised both by and under the influence of muslims who used persian as a major cultural vehicle daniel pipes the event of our era former soviet muslim republics change the middle east in michael mandelbaum central asia and the world kazakhstan uzbekistan tajikistan kyrgyzstan turkemenistan and the world council on foreign relations pg 79 quotation in short the turko persian tradition featured persian culture patronized by turcophone rulers 1 2 3 4 ikram s m 1964 muslim civilization in india new york columbia university press rugiadi martina ceramic technology in the seljuq period stonepaste in syria and iran in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries metmuseum org metropolitan museum of art 2021 retrieved 1 february 2023 sigfried j de laet history of humanity from the seventh to the sixteenth century unesco 1994 isbn 9231028138 p 734 ga ́bor a ́goston bruce alan masters encyclopedia of the ottoman empire infobase publishing 1 jan 2009 isbn 1438110251 p 322 frye r n 1975 the golden age of persia the arabs in the east london weidenfeld and nicolson and new york barnes and noble 224 30 pdf green persianate world nile green academia edu archived from the original on 2020 11 02 retrieved 2026 07 25 chinese turkestan iv in the mongol period encyclopaedia iranica 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publishing usa p 269 isbn 978 1 59884 337 8 yarshater ehsan 1988 the development of iranian literatures in persian literature ed ehsan yarshater pp 3 37 columbia lectures on iranian studies no 3 albany bibliotheca persica and state university of new york 15 titley norah m 1983 persian miniature painting and its influence on the art of turkey and india austin university of texas 159 titley norah m 1983 persian miniature painting and its influence on the art of turkey and india austin university of texas 105 1 2 robert l canfield turko persia in historical perspective cambridge university press 1991 pg 20 the mughals persianized turks who invaded from central asia and claimed descent from both timur and genghis strengthened the persianate culture of muslim india 1 2 soucek svat ed 2000 the shaybanids a history of inner asia cambridge cambridge university press pp 149 161 isbn 978 0 521 65704 4 retrieved 2026 05 07 s shamil the city of beauties in indo persian poetic landscape comparative studies of south asia africa and the middle east vol 24 2004 duke university press f delvoye music in the indo persian courts of india 14th 18th century studies in artistic patronage the international institute for asian studies iias 1995 1996 mottahedeh roy 1985 the mantle of the prophet new york simon and schuster 161 2 roger m savory encyclopaedia of islam safawids online edition 2005 roger m savory the consolidation of safawid power in persia in isl 1965 meyers konversations lexikon vol xii p 873 original german edition persien geschichte des neupersischen reichs roy olivier 1986 islam and resistance in afghanistan new york cambridge university press ahmed ishtiaq 1987 the concept of the islamic state an analysis of the ideological controversy in pakistan new york st martin s press ziad homayra 2006 ghaznavids in meri j ed medieval islamic civilization an encyclopedia routledge p 294 the ghaznavids inherited samanid administrative political and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a persianate state in northern india meisami julie scott 1999 persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century edinburgh university press p 143 nizam al mulk also attempted to organise the saljuq administration according to the persianate ghaznavid model anatoly m khazanov and andré wink 2001 nomads in the sedentary world richmond va curzon 12 the persianized ghaznavids and some later dynasties just like their mamluk type elite troops were of turkic origin robert l canfield 1991 turko persia in historical perspective cambridge uk cambridge university press 8 the ghaznavids 989 1149 were essentially persianized turks who in manner of the pre islamic persians encouraged the development of high culture peacock a c s 2013 02 01 early seljuq history a new interpretation routledge p 33 isbn 978 1 135 15369 4 the ghaznavids claimed descent from the last sasanian shah yazdagird iii subtelny 2007 pp 40 41 nevertheless in the complex process of transition members of the timurid dynasty and their turko mongolian supporters became acculturated by the surrounding persianate milieu adopting persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of persian language culture painting architecture and music the last members of the dynasty notably sultan abu sa id and sultan husain in fact came to be regarded as ideal perso islamic rulers who devoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering persianate court culture roxburgh david j 2005 the persian album 1400 1600 from dispersal to collection yale university press p 130 persian literature especially poetry occupied a central role in the process of assimilation of timurid elite to the perso islamicate courtly culture and so it is not surprising to find baysanghur commissioned a new edition of firdawsi s shanameh 1 2 roy kaushik 2014 military transition in early modern asia 1400 1750 bloomsbury post mongol persia and iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations akkoyunlu white sheep 1378 1507 and qaraoyunlu black sheep they were persianate turkoman confederations of anatolia asia minor and azerbaijan 1 2 arjomand saïd amir 2016 unity of the persianate world under turko mongolian domination and divergent development of imperial autocracies in the sixteenth century journal of persianate studies 9 1 11 doi 10 1163 18747167 12341292 the disintegration of timur s empire into a growing number of timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the ottomans and their westward conquest of byzantium as well as the rise of rival turko mongolian nomadic empires of the aq qoyunlu and qara qoyunlu in western iran iraq and eastern anatolia in all of these nomadic empires however persian remained the official court language and the persianate ideal of kingship prevailed aq qoyunlū at encyclopædia iranica christian sedentary inhabitants were not totally excluded from the economic political and social activities of the āq qoyunlū state and that qara ʿoṯmān had at his command at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the iranian islamic type with the conquest of iran not only did the āq qoyunlū center of power shift eastward but iranian influences were soon brought to bear on their method of government and their culture the society for the exploration of eurasia www exploration eurasia com exploration eurasia com retrieved 2026 07 25 вы точно человек киберленинка retrieved 2026 05 07 11 9 the khanate of chagatai humanities libretexts 2019 07 24 retrieved 2026 05 07 arslan hüseyin ongan jun 30 2021 ali anooshahr turkestan and the rise of eurasian empires a study of politics and in vented traditions osmanlı araştırmaları 57 365 369 doi 10 18589 oa 959788 retrieved july 29 2026 via researchgate wood william a jan 1 2019 khorezm and the khanate of khiva oxford research encyclopedia of asian history doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780190277727 013 284 retrieved july 29 2026 the khanate of kokand central asia s last independent kingdom fexingo history spreaker ...