Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

of, the, and, early, henri, de, la, tour, auvergne, viscount, turenne, contents, background, career, marshal, france, fronde, reign, louis, xiv, against, spain, dutch, war, legacy, in, fiction, references, sources, external, links,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (506), and (173), turenne (160), his (90), longueville (68), 1907 (65), with (56), was (54), french (45), siege (45), battle (42), had (40), war (36), condé (35), for (34), but (33), army (32), #france (31), from (29), which (27), spanish (25), marshal (25), this (24), him (23), henri (22), tour (21), not (21), auvergne (20), general (20), prince (20), campaign (19), military (18), duke (18), dutch (16), bouillon (16), louis (16), took (16), 000 (16), under (15), one (15), more (15), mazarin (15), against (15), edit (14), great (14), that (14), after (14), first (13), troops (13), who (13), into (13), wikipedia (12), page (12), articles (12), fronde (12), king (12), were (12), their (12), while (12), 1675 (11), now (11), time (11), made (11), career (11), soon (11), force (11), bavaria (11), july (10), history (10), xiv (10), during (10), they (10), them (10), command (10), forces (10), people (9), years (9), other (9), cardinal (9), hozier (9), 1885 (9), commander (9), armies (9), would (9), have (9), imperial (9), again (9), rhine (9), only (9), richelieu (9), marched (9), attack (9), all (8), netherlands (8), napoleon (8), thomas (8), needed (8), when (8), much (8), before (8), did (8), until (8), part (8), imperials (8), 1911 (7), links (7), sedan (7), retrieved (7), maurice (7), vicomte (7), commanders (7), won (7), genius (7), than (7), been (7), himself (7), paris (7), enemy (7), following (7), brother (7), september (6), britannica (6), cs1 (6), isbn (6), 2020 (6), spain (6), generation (6), modern (6), june (6), also (6), few (6), out (6), place (6), men (6), well (6), day (6), same (6), montecuccoli (6), est (6), qui (6), allies (6), action (6), victory (6), alsace (6), defeat (6), peace (6), received (6), ordered (6), successful (6), between (6), ferté (6), position (6), captured (6), lorraine (6), move (6), service (6), early (6), its (6), mercy (6), viscount (5), using (5), link (5), devolution (5), roman (5), 1611 (5), princes (5), atkinson (5), eugene (5), morris (5), young (5), greatly (5), held (5), though (5), far (5), small (5), grand (5), later (5), salzbach (5), most (5), where (5), both (5), death (5), winter (5), march (5), commanded (5), elector (5), orange (5), two (5), english (5), led (5), managed (5), retreat (5), fortress (5), infantry (5), second (5), enghien (5), main (5), harcourt (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), about (4), may (4), commons (4), incorporating (4), encyclopædia (4), citation (4), maint (4), dead (4), external (4), franco (4), states (4), charles (4), savoy (4), soldier (4), cite (4), book (4), london (4), 1891 (4), times (4), art (4), original (4), henry (4), dunes (4), 1658 (4), april (4), court (4), age (4), read (4), frederick (4), superior (4), strategic (4), many (4), des (4), still (4), there (4), then (4), orders (4), city (4), december (4), end (4), forced (4), year (4), camp (4), important (4), left (4), conflict (4), fought (4), returned (4), camps (4), famous (4), own (4), born (4), 1639 (4), could (4), artillery (4), started (4), taking (4), hocquincourt (4), stenay (4), arras (4), skill (4), cavalry (4), rethel (4), royal (4), weimar (4), promoted (4), back (4), wrangel (4), defeated (4), swedish (4), invaded (4), began (4), breisach (4), family (4), served (4), turin (4), gueules (4), here (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), text (3), available (3), terms (3), wikimedia (3), use (3), last (3), list (3), citations (3), sources (3), pages (3), title (3), short (3), description (3), cannonball (3), personnel (3), 1635 (3), saint (3), thirty (3), principality (3), republic (3), united (3), control (3), godefroy (3), count (3), francis (3), university (3), 114 (3), 412 (3), article (3), 978 (3), england (3), 1735 (3), 1667 (3), archived (3), best (3), according (3), beach (3), help (3), 120 (3), 211 (3), 2024 (3), europe (3), january (3), called (3), versailles (3), reputation (3), man (3), warfare (3), little (3), simple (3), appeared (3), campaigns (3), studied (3), combined (3), brilliant (3), failure (3), said (3), wrote (3), case (3), taken (3), legacy (3), once (3), display (3), positions (3), killed (3), country (3), outmanoeuvred (3), bridge (3), proved (3), remained (3), surprise (3), drove (3), resistance (3), turckheim (3), germany (3), however (3), unable (3), joining (3), around (3), amsterdam (3), measure (3), offered (3), 1668 (3), protestant (3), become (3), catholic (3), eventually (3), near (3), another (3), treaty (3), dunkirk (3), valenciennes (3), because (3), river (3), latter (3), point (3), joined (3), broke (3), spaniards (3), gave (3), despite (3), miles (3), take (3), being (3), convinced (3), landrecies (3), parliament (3), civil (3), moving (3), personal (3), instead (3), besieging (3), decided (3), frondeurs (3), deal (3), fighting (3), faubourg (3), 1648 (3), join (3), high (3), duc (3), westphalia (3), 1647 (3), rosen (3), flanders (3), moved (3), obtained (3), zusmarshausen (3), unite (3), bavarians (3), bavarian (3), von (3), quickly (3), philippsburg (3), distinguished (3), continued (3), route (3), freiburg (3), 1643 (3), 1640 (3), citadel (3), 1630 (3), assault (3), 1638 (3), 1625 (3), nassau (3), see (3), redirects (3), tools (3), languages (2), toggle (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), you (2), attribution (2), categories (2), reference (2), numeric (2), names (2), authors (2), nsrw (2), parameter (2), date (2), incomplete (2), location (2), missing (2), publisher (2), signature (2), different (2), wikidata (2), deaths (2), 1659 (2), denis (2), catholicism (2), marshals (2), library (2), italy (2), authority (2), frédéric (2), emmanuel (2), 1st (2), sovereign (2), related (2), shand (2), alexander (2), 2014 (2), ramsey (2), james (2), bettenham (2), william (2), lynn (2), john (2), 2013 (2), luvaas (2), 2001 (2), longmans (2), green (2), jagt (2), 2011 (2), november (2), henty (2), elliott (2), 2019 (2), encyclopedia (2), leader (2), brown (2), 2018 (2), 1914 (2), student (2), work (2), bourbon (2), 414 (2), 2009 (2), württemberg (2), 251 (2), 249 (2), 248 (2), 245 (2), 244 (2), 241 (2), 240 (2), 223 (2), 219 (2), 122 (2), 121 (2), company (2), volume (2), full (2), munich (2), references (2), these (2), sword (2), 1634 (2), 1633 (2), series (2), fiction (2), tomb (2), invalides (2), revolutionaries (2), greatest (2), powerful (2), character (2), showed (2), mind (2), regular (2), life (2), how (2), discipline (2), thus (2), soldiers (2), captains (2), just (2), fame (2), rivalled (2), period (2), combats (2), circumstances (2), success (2), battles (2), sieges (2), used (2), grew (2), some (2), progress (2), removed (2), church (2), homme (2), portrait (2), faced (2), compelled (2), struck (2), opened (2), news (2), wasted (2), anti (2), advanced (2), neutral (2), cross (2), followed (2), situation (2), beginning (2), mid (2), successes (2), inflicted (2), upon (2), weeks (2), completely (2), vosges (2), make (2), prevent (2), reaching (2), drive (2), capturing (2), raimondo (2), brandenburg (2), checked (2), whom (2), event (2), dikes (2), overran (2), 1672 (2), nominally (2), afterwards (2), reconciled (2), 1652 (2), daughter (2), influence (2), wife (2), matter (2), october (2), appointed (2), office (2), favour (2), refused (2), subsequently (2), rejected (2), cromwell (2), played (2), philippe (2), support (2), side (2), veteran (2), nearby (2), flood (2), order (2), 400 (2), losing (2), suspected (2), failed (2), chapelle (2), relieve (2), prevented (2), fall (2), guislain (2), austria (2), 1655 (2), almost (2), recalled (2), surrendered (2), due (2), negotiate (2), succeeded (2), required (2), political (2), successfully (2), 1654 (2), prepared (2), archduke (2), overcame (2), opposition (2), plan (2), numerous (2), too (2), long (2), provided (2), lost (2), turning (2), marked (2), york (2), 1653 (2), area (2), intended (2), doing (2), menehould (2), mouzon (2), 1651 (2), raised (2), revolt (2), south (2), third (2), each (2), displayed (2), practically (2), occupation (2), antoine (2), brought (2), put (2), turned (2), recently (2), through (2), actions (2), built (2), among (2), arrested (2), cause (2), duchess (2), months (2), reign (2), serious (2), mutiny (2), six (2), secretly (2), died (2), switch (2), swedes (2), off (2), rearguard (2), caught (2), worms (2), luxembourg (2), van (2), besiege (2), crossing (2), way (2), over (2), decade (2), rebellious (2), saw (2), what (2), accepted (2), duchy (2), château (2), movement (2), leading (2), five (2), retreated (2), retreating (2), suffered (2), retire (2), nördlingen (2), money (2), campaigning (2), 1644 (2), besieged (2), known (2), house (2), chief (2), august (2), capitulation (2), bacharach (2), advance (2), relations (2), crown (2), earlier (2), ducal (2), field (2), deception (2), trino (2), conquered (2), foremost (2), next (2), role (2), events (2), major (2), mondovì (2), ceva (2), coni (2), casale (2), quiers (2), rank (2), zabern (2), maréchal (2), mothe (2), den (2), stadtholder (2), drilled (2), 1629 (2), reconnaissance (2), special (2), mother (2), son (2), noble (2), physical (2), exploits (2), father (2), weakness (2), eighty (2), huguenot (2), français (2), argent (2), background (2), defeating (2), top (2), étampes (2), present (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, locally, defined, encyclopaedia, wikisource, wstitle, errors, language, needing, number, ipa, hcards, biography, embedded, infobox, templates, viscounts, descent, burials, basilica, catholics, converts, calvinism, ardennes, births, https, org, index, php, henri_de_la_tour_d, 27auvergne, _viscount_of_turenne, oldid, 1376355678, yale, lux, snac, open, idref, ddb, deutsche, biographie, trove, cinii, academics, belgium, catalonia, israel, vatican, poland, sweden, greece, norway, portugal, czech, bnf, data, national, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, international, databases, jacques, léopold, 6th, 5th, casimir, 4th, évreux, theodose, 3rd, théodose, 2nd, generations, start, has, media, vol, 11th, cambridge, press, chisholm, hugh, public, domain, incorporates, publication, innes, leonaur, limited, 78282, 308, marlborough, partner, memoirs, fortune, andrew, michael, moussaye, françois, goyon, matignon, pre, 1801, imprint, collection, congress, dlc, printed, etc, connor, california, libraries, calcutta, allen, 1815, taylor, 1317899518, wars, 1714, jay, simon, schuster, 0684872711, robarts, toronto, arnold, 2012, reviews, ads, books, sir, montague, chapman, hall, ivo, oyly, daniel, business, insider, bonaparte, chandler, chicago, compton, 439, 440, new, conde, introduction, lloyd, museum, haus, der, geschichte, baden, incompatibility, 388, 1177666499, 250, 246, 247, 243, 242, 239, 237, 238, 233, 230, 224, 222, 217, 218, 214, 215, 212, 134, 133, 132, 131, 124, 413, 123, 116, 119, 115, 113, 112, 105, 106, crowell, collier, publishing, 1889, american, illustrated, magazine, 101, 100, wakeman, lecturable, 1598, 1715, 1938, 2025, maxime, weygand, depicted, several, volumes, novels, written, include, appears, historical, novel, baltic, david, weber, eric, flint, 1632, alternate, statue, turennes, les, revolution, nobles, tombs, destroyed, rated, praised, above, flattery, ingratiating, expense, subjects, contributed, shaping, nature, honourable, endowed, tact, world, politics, seemed, disinterested, glittering, sway, morals, beyond, reproach, least, austere, those, prevalent, lived, operated, essentially, spent, knew, win, affection, tempered, severe, rare, generosity, loved, comrade, less, admired, versatile, represents, 17th, century, costly, highly, trained, dynastic, functioned, ideal, recommended, consider, better, reportedly, remarked, accomplished, committed, mistakes, conducting, ones, any, populace, critically, ever, epitomized, ligne, caution, logistic, accuracy, dash, constancy, perhaps, emerge, salient, points, avoided, maxim, unlike, rival, improved, bolder, older, author, aumale, know, must, follow, every, signalled, histoire, maison, eloquent, countrymen, exclaimed, today, honour, body, buried, kings, even, 1793, respected, reburied, bodies, monarchs, mass, grave, preserved, remains, 1800, rest, jardin, plantes, mort, aujourd, hui, faisait, honneur, éloges, 1665, brun, summer, highest, chess, moves, finally, opponent, offer, disadvantage, scouting, instantly, writes, twice, eyes, closed, forever, produced, universal, sorrow, 1674, master, wide, autumn, occasioned, permitting, hardly, affected, old, daring, sharply, heavy, revenge, active, inhabitants, shown, let, loot, recovered, turkheim, swift, secret, enzheim, strasbourg, electorate, palatinate, sinzheim, 1673, assumed, offensive, penetrated, sought, linking, instructions, protested, contradictory, bar, guarding, avoiding, harm, german, might, outnumbered, undersupplied, stop, bonn, flooded, countryside, roused, spread, manoeuvre, middle, covered, accompanied, gates, aroused, bitter, provinces, congenial, air, directing, rapid, conquest, shortly, february, franche, comté, promenade, militaire, married, charlotte, caumont, deeply, attached, sincerely, deplored, division, christianity, hostile, always, distrusted, dissident, uncontrolled, sects, independence, deep, impression, fear, indiscipline, royalism, drew, towards, letters, show, closely, evidence, her, eloquence, persuasions, nephew, persuaded, bossuet, presbyterians, visiting, trench, 1661, reins, government, hands, acts, revive, suppressed, 1627, declined, parents, educated, marry, nieces, similar, proposal, calvinist, constable, concluded, crushing, corps, veterans, sent, notable, pyrenees, foreground, horse, skewbald, palace, galerie, batailles, larivière, commentary, criticized, should, split, ally, replaced, unsuccessful, don, surrounded, water, diverted, observed, preparing, prepare, afternoon, nighttime, carry, attacked, overrun, minutes, confusion, darkness, collect, half, twelve, halt, seeing, array, trap, result, save, quesnoy, joseph, caracena, philip, subordinate, escape, fortresses, compiègne, robbed, approached, ham, peronne, charge, weaker, dispositions, wearing, armour, energies, riots, broken, disputes, threatened, forbade, meeting, ignored, demand, invitation, increasingly, despotic, invited, centres, property, reinforcement, vigorously, defend, relief, attempt, leopold, wilhelm, crucial, call, wait, fell, sole, aggressively, tirelessly, scouted, person, realized, decide, whether, religious, services, explained, officers, techniques, elaborate, defences, routed, cannons, advantage, region, broglie, alongside, drawn, ample, scope, source, controlled, hearing, camped, apart, rapidly, lay, arrived, shadow, limit, freedom, forts, allow, evade, rocroi, sainte, future, trouble, revived, standard, stood, opposed, commanding, bravery, wariness, crushed, gien, jargeau, became, involved, either, causing, flee, 1649, enemies, especially, lead, expected, rewarded, opinion, accomplishment, inherited, princely, strong, connections, members, busy, plotting, destruction, erupted, arrest, escaped, law, love, seems, ruled, seeking, aid, sustained, reverses, 1650, ended, collapse, party, release, conti, blood, rueil, proposed, weakened, emperor, lose, opportunity, amongst, pay, insistence, weimarian, pretending, prisoner, already, rode, contingent, surprising, mutineers, destroying, down, predicted, lift, formally, declared, together, scouts, detected, night, close, unaware, danger, resulting, isolated, vicious, fire, secure, pacification, devastation, writers, blamed, harsh, spirit, permitted, planned, vienna, signed, never, materialized, engraving, anselm, hulle, 1646, return, correctly, foul, play, procrastinated, linked, tried, assist, detour, via, conjunction, unhindered, danube, plundering, conclude, manoeuvres, boldness, sagacity, are, fertile, results, ought, truce, bregenz, landsberg, lech, memmingen, wesel, carl, gustaf, month, recaptured, imperialist, having, moselle, set, improving, defence, promised, trying, wedge, transaction, completed, thierry, philipp, christoph, sötern, trier, 1645, forward, deceive, thinking, scattered, away, subordinates, informed, defied, winning, baggage, sixths, caused, reinforcements, departed, facing, casualties, duel, allerheim, buying, fortify, advised, fight, heavily, ill, health, leaving, met, crossed, boats, hesse, mergentheim, molding, condition, bought, mounts, cavalrymen, clothes, infantrymen, reorganization, finished, gaspard, inferior, numbers, desperately, executed, strike, flank, withdrew, 500, huge, believing, large, kreuznach, blocking, franz, black, forest, intrigues, sabotaging, meant, sudden, need, good, thrown, devastating, tuttlingen, markedly, influenced, sometimes, necessary, conciliate, machinations, advisers, giving, confidence, moreover, steady, adherence, religion, further, element, difficulty, ministers, nevertheless, entrusted, changed, sides, quarrel, trusted, fool, weakening, town, 1642, discovered, conspiracy, elder, implicated, cinq, mars, roussillon, gained, younger, generals, employed, italian, lot, credit, casal, frenchmen, encircled, scare, saved, turn, thereof, relieved, surrender, fourth, invested, lines, lieutenant, 1641, monferrato, immediately, colonel, regiment, yet, serve, intervals, alliance, uneventful, flag, occurred, courage, immediate, promotion, equivalent, grade, want, provisions, measured, swords, pursuers, reorganised, 1636, storming, seriously, wounded, 1637, including, capture, serving, 1608, directed, reputedly, strongest, upper, vieux, brisach, bernhard, saxe, saverne, gallas, metz, mainz, nogaret, valette, schomberg, hendrik, bergh, antwerp, granted, captaincy, 1626, personally, custom, respect, charity, lifestyle, alleged, disciplined, moral, standards, kindness, liked, entire, officer, learning, fortifications, commendation, reprimanded, recklessness, learned, details, like, posting, guards, entered, motivated, prospect, advancement, desire, loyalty, bois, bosch, found, poor, education, usual, training, infirmity, hampered, geography, impressed, lazy, saying, intellectual, laziness, barrier, study, accord, 1623, devoted, bodily, exercises, natural, devout, calvinists, suspicious, fourteen, uncle, private, bodyguard, holland, caesar, silent, elizabeth, blason, écartelé, azur, semé, fleurs, lys, maçonnée, ouverte, sable, trois, tourteaux, boulogne, coticé, pièces, sur, tout, parti, gonfanon, frangé, sinople, fasce, shield, svg, depiction, versions, chantilly, coat, arms, without, flooding, land, holy, empire, compelling, abandon, coalition, loss, allied, crowned, battlefield, victories, notably, masterful, elbe, initially, supported, emerging, occupying, triumphs, overrunning, victorious, conclusion, although, supporter, converted, refusing, incentives, absolute, monarchy, outskirts, introduced, volunteer, maternal, uncles, pursuing, origins, proven, qualities, rise, hierarchy, rose, prominence, three, forcing, subduing, pacifying, commonly, illustrious, member, earned, tyʁɛn, mulhouse, entzheim, sinsheim, nijmegen, lille, tournai, bergues, cambrai, ghislain, capelle, bléneau, augsburg, rain, herbsthausen, landau, landreçies, jonville, jussey, meizenheim, spire, heidelberg, hertogenbosch, groll, wilhelmstadt, klundert, conflicts, nickname, général, armées, roi, branch, kingdom, allegiance, relatives, aged, sasbach, castle, champaigne, journalist, screenwriter, writer, confused, uses, disambiguation, nobleman, redirected, free, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, print, export, parser, get, shortened, url, information, permanent, talk, winaray, tiếng, việt, українська, svenska, slovenščina, русский, română, português, polski, norsk, bokmål, nederlands, latviešu, latina, 한국어, 日本語, italiano, magyar, suomi, euskara, español, esperanto, ελληνικά, deutsch, cymraeg, čeština, brezhoneg, български, azərbaycanca, alemannisch, recent, community, portal, learn, contribute, random, current, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
career edit turenne s coat of arms as a marshal of france in the château de chantilly versions svg depiction of the same shield français blason écartelé en 1 et 4 d azur semé de fleurs de lys d or et à la tour d argent maçonnée et ouverte de sable qui est de la tour en 2 d or au trois tourteaux de gueules qui est boulogne et 3 coticé d or et de gueules de 8 pièces qui est turenne sur le tout parti d or au gonfanon de gueules frangé de sinople qui est auvergne et de gueules à la fasce d argent qui est bouillon the second son of henri de la tour d auvergne duke of bouillon sovereign prince of sedan by his second wife elizabeth daughter of william the silent 1 2 3 4 5 prince of orange he was born at sedan 2 3 4 it is said that much of his money found its way to the poor during his early life 4 6 he received a huguenot education and the usual training of a young noble of the time but physical infirmity hampered his progress 2 4 though he showed a marked skill at history and geography and was greatly impressed by the exploits of alexander the great and caesar 2 4 at first he was a lazy student but after his father started saying his intellectual laziness was as great a barrier to joining the army as his physical weakness he began to study on his own accord 6 after his father s death in 1623 he devoted himself to bodily exercises and in a great measure overcame his natural weakness 4 turenne and his mother were devout calvinists and were suspicious of cardinal richelieu so when turenne began his military career at the age of fourteen he did so in the camp of his uncle maurice of nassau the stadtholder of holland and prince of orange 6 he started as a private 6 7 8 in maurice s bodyguard during the eighty years war 6 2 spanish troops in retreat after the siege of den bosch in 1629 turenne distinguished himself during the siege frederick henry of nassau who succeeded his brother maurice as stadtholder and prince of orange in 1625 granted turenne a captaincy in 1626 2 7 turenne personally drilled his troops as was the custom at the time and won their respect with his charity and simple lifestyle 9 his company was alleged to be the best drilled and most disciplined one in the army he required of his soldiers not only discipline but also high moral standards 9 his kindness made him well liked among the entire army 10 the young officer took his part in the sieges of the period learning much about fortifications and siege warfare 6 in 1629 turenne served in the siege of bois le duc as commander of an artillery and reconnaissance 11 he won special commendation for his skill at this battle but was reprimanded for recklessness 6 12 he also learned much about the details of leading an army like posting guards and reconnaissance 7 in 1630 turenne left the netherlands and entered the service of france motivated both by the prospect of military advancement 4 6 but also because of his mother s desire to display loyalty to the french crown 2 cardinal richelieu cardinal richelieu immediately made him colonel of an infantry regiment 8 yet he continued to serve with the prince of orange at short intervals who at the time had an alliance with france 2 13 he took part in successful fighting near antwerp and fought against hendrik van den bergh 13 he took part in an uneventful campaign under schomberg in 1630 13 but his first serious service under the french flag occurred at the siege of la mothe in lorraine by marshal de la force 1634 where his brilliant courage at the assault won him immediate promotion to the rank of maréchal de camp 6 8 14 equivalent to the modern grade of major general 8 14 in 1635 turenne served under louis de nogaret de la valette in lorraine and on the rhine the french and their allies raised the imperial siege of mainz 8 august 1635 but the french army had to fall back on metz for want of provisions in the retreat he measured swords with the famous imperial general gallas and distinguished himself greatly 2 15 he managed to defeat his pursuers in battle but the imperials were too numerous to be turned around 4 15 the reorganised army took the field again in 1636 and captured saverne zabern at the storming of which he was seriously wounded in 1637 he took part in the campaign of flanders including the capture of landrecies 26 july in the latter part of 1638 serving under bernhard of saxe weimar 1608 1639 he directed the assault on breisach reputedly the strongest fortress on the upper rhine which surrendered on 17 december 2 in led the assault on the powerful fortress of vieux brisach in 1638 and obtained its capitulation on december 17 henri count of harcourt turenne s superior at turin turenne had now gained a reputation as one of the foremost of the younger generals of france and richelieu next employed him in the italian campaign of 1639 1640 under henri de lorraine count of harcourt on 19 november 1639 turenne fought in the famous rearguard action called the battle of the route de quiers for which he received a lot of credit though he only gave himself a small role in his own description of events 6 at the battle of casal 10 000 frenchmen defeated 20 000 spaniards the french commander harcourt was almost encircled but turenne used deception to scare off the enemy and the battle was won 6 in 1640 harcourt saved casale monferrato and besieged prince thomas forces in turin which in turn were besieging another french force in the citadel thereof 6 that winter he relieved the citadel of turin held by the french against the forces of prince thomas of savoy 6 16 the french in the citadel held out while prince thomas had to surrender on 17 september 1640 a fourth army which had invested harcourt s lines being at the same time forced to retire turenne by now lieutenant general played a major role in the victory he himself commanded during the campaign of 1641 and took coni ceva and mondovì 2 in 1642 he served as second in command of the french troops which conquered roussillon at this time richelieu discovered the conspiracy of cinq mars in which turenne s elder brother the duke of bouillon had become implicated 2 marshal of france edit turenne as marshal of france the relations of the principality of sedan to the french crown markedly influenced the earlier career of turenne sometimes it proved necessary to advance the soldier to conciliate the ducal family at other times the machinations of the ducal family against richelieu or mazarin prevented the king s advisers from giving their full confidence to their general in the field moreover his steady adherence to the protestant religion provided a further element of difficulty in turenne s relations with the ministers cardinal richelieu nevertheless entrusted him with the command in italy in 1643 under prince thomas who had changed sides in the quarrel and who was not trusted by richelieu 6 thomas nominally in command quickly put turenne in control of the campaign 6 using deception to fool the spanish into weakening trino turenne took the town in a few weeks 6 he was promoted to marshal of france on 16 may 1643 1 turenne was recalled due to the intrigues of cardinal mazarin who was sabotaging turenne s career this meant that he was available in case of sudden need for a good commander after the french suffered a devastating defeat at tuttlingen turenne was thrown back into action 2 6 3 the following campaign would greatly advance his career 6 cardinal mazarin while molding the army back into fighting condition turenne bought mounts for 5 000 cavalrymen and clothes for 4 000 infantrymen with his own money 6 the reorganization finished turenne began campaigning in june 1644 crossing the river rhine at breisach 2 he defeated gaspard von mercy in the black forest before retreating to the rhine 17 unable to relieve the besieged freiburg with inferior numbers he was quickly joined by a force under the duke of enghien later to be known as the grand condé 2 the duke as a prince of the royal house took the chief command of the united armies of france and weimar the desperately fought battle of freiburg against franz von mercy s bavarians 3 5 and 9 august 1644 proved the chief event of the first campaign 2 in this battle turenne distinguished himself with a well executed strike at the enemy flank 18 19 the french continued on by successfully besieging philippsburg 20 2 before the capitulation enghien withdrew and left turenne in command 21 2 at the same time the duke of lorraine moved to besiege nearby bacharach turenne took 500 men and built a huge camp near bacharach believing turenne had a large force lorraine retreated turenne continued on by taking the important fortress of kreuznach and blocking the route between the two armies 22 battle of nördlingen turenne began the 1645 campaign with a successful forward movement 23 2 but mercy managed to deceive him into thinking the bavarians were scattered and far away 24 and he was taken by surprise and defeated at mergentheim 25 2 while turenne had quickly ordered his forces to unite one of his subordinates general rosen was not informed on the situation defied the order leading to defeat while turenne s main force was winning 26 turenne s army lost all of its artillery and baggage and five sixths of its infantry 27 turenne retreated to hesse which caused its forces to join the french as well as a swedish force and reinforcements under condé who took command once again 28 8 the swedes soon departed but enghien commanded still 17 000 men 29 the french marched into bavaria with facing little opposition until they caught up with mercy s retreating army 29 mercy inflicted casualties on the french in an artillery duel and outmanoeuvred them in the march on allerheim buying time to fortify his position 30 turenne advised not to fight but this was rejected by condé turenne s plan of attack was accepted by condé 31 the following battle was a french victory and mercy was killed but the french had suffered heavily ill health forced enghien to retire soon afterwards leaving turenne for the third time in command of the french army 8 he was met by superior imperial forces and forced to retreat 32 8 at philippsburg turenne crossed the rhine using a bridge made of boats 33 a month after his retreat turenne marched 120 miles to trier which he recaptured for its elector philipp christoph von sötern after over a decade of imperialist occupation 33 having taken control of the moselle for france by this move he set upon improving the defence of that river 34 turenne now returned to france where he was offered the duchy of château thierry which had also been promised to his brother by mazarin who was trying to drive a wedge between turenne and his rebellious brother but turenne saw what the cardinal was doing and accepted only if the transaction to his brother was completed 34 in 1646 turenne obtained more military successes 8 he decided to unite his forces with the swedish under carl gustaf wrangel 19 mazarin however had made a deal with the duke of bavaria not to unite french and swedish forces and not to cross the rhine in return the bavarians would not join the imperial army he ordered turenne to besiege luxembourg but turenne correctly suspected the duke of bavaria of foul play and procrastinated 35 soon the bavarian army linked up with the imperials and turenne tried to do the same to assist wrangel he was successful by using a detour via wesel because there was no other bridge south of there he could use 36 in conjunction with wrangel turenne marched unhindered up until the area between memmingen and landsberg am lech 37 38 their combined army invaded bavaria by crossing the danube and advanced as far as munich and bregenz 19 plundering their way through the country 19 39 this convinced the elector of bavaria to conclude a truce in march 1647 40 with these manoeuvres napoleon said he displayed great boldness sagacity and genius they are fertile in grand results and ought to be studied by all military men 41 38 turenne at the peace of westphalia engraving after anselm van hulle in 1647 he proposed to attack the weakened army of the emperor but he was ordered into flanders instead 42 8 not only did france thus lose an opportunity but a serious mutiny broke out amongst the weimar troops who had not received their pay for six months 43 8 rosen who had been recently promoted to high office on turenne s insistence convinced the weimarian cavalry to revolt pretending to be held prisoner by them 43 turenne had already left for flanders with his main force but rode back with a small contingent surprising the mutineers instead of destroying them with a surprise attack he marched with them as if he was still in command and managed to secretly have rosen arrested after which the mutiny died down 44 he then marched into luxembourg but soon received orders to switch to the rhine 8 as turenne predicted bavaria again joined the imperial cause in 1647 45 he compelled the imperials to lift siege of worms and formally declared war on bavaria after joining with the swedes once again led by wrangel they moved together against the imperials 46 scouts detected the imperials and during the following night turenne secretly moved his troops close to the imperials 47 the following day 17 may 8 the imperials marched off unaware of the danger resulting in their rearguard being caught isolated and defeated in a vicious battle at zusmarshausen 48 troops subsequently wasted bavaria with fire and sword until a more secure pacification was obtained this devastation for which many modern writers have blamed turenne appeared no more harsh a measure than the spirit of the times and the circumstances of the case permitted 49 turenne planned on moving into austria and taking vienna but as the peace of westphalia had been signed this campaign never materialized 50 the fronde and the early reign of louis xiv edit louis de bourbon duc d enghien the grand condé the peace of westphalia 1648 brought little peace to france which soon became involved in the civil war of the fronde 1648 1653 during the first war he refused to join either side 51 mazarin had him removed as commander of the army of weimar 52 causing turenne to flee to the netherlands where he remained until the treaty of rueil march 1649 put an end to the first war of the fronde 8 52 louis grand condé had made many enemies at court 53 especially mazarin which would eventually lead to conflict 6 while condé had expected to be rewarded greatly for his military service which had turned the fronde in mazarin s favour mazarin did not have a high opinion of condé s accomplishment 54 condé had recently inherited the princely title of condé won great fame and influence through his military actions was made prince of the blood and had built strong connections among the members of the first fronde 6 now he and mazarin were busy plotting each other s destruction 54 the second war erupted when condé and some of his allies were arrested 4...