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turku arabic wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 grammar 3 vocabulary 4 references toggle the table of contents turku arabic 1 language tiếng việt edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia arabic based creole language formerly spoken in chad not to be confused with the anatolian arabic of turkey turku arabic native to chad language family arabic based creole turku arabic early form bimbashi arabic language codes iso 639 3 glottolog turk1244 turku arabic or simply just turku is an extinct variant of bimbashi arabic that served as a lingua franca in chad 1 it is the ancestor to bongor arabic 2 and potentially other arabic pidgins spoken in chad today but since they have not been described it is unclear whether they are direct descendants of turku 3 history edit turku emerged as a regional variant of bimbashi arabic when bimbashi speaking enslaved soldiers were forced to relocate from sudan to chad after the abolition of slavery in anglo egyptian sudan in 1879 2 the primary lexifier of turku is sudanese arabic and it is also heavily influenced by sango and sara bagirmi languages from which most of its loanwords originate 2 although not much is known about turku a dictionary and a phrasebook were published in 1926 4 grammar edit turku had at least 2 tense aspect markers gahed a continuous aspect particle and bi a future tense particle similar particles are also found in juba arabic and nubi 5 vocabulary edit turku 2 origin 2 english adinbang from bagirmi ádim mbàŋ eunuch gao from sar gáw hunter ngari from mbay ngàrì manioc kay from sango kâî paddle itenan from french lieutenant lieutenant pfil from arabic فيل fīl elephant references edit hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds turku glottolog jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history 1 2 3 4 5 manfredi stefano lucas christopher 2019 arabic and contact induced change language science press pp 323 325 isbn 9783961102518 thomason sarah grey january 1997 contact languages a wider perspective john benjamins isbn 9027252394 ansado umberto meyerhoff miriam 2021 the routledge handbook of pidgin and creole languages routledge p 37 isbn 9781000221480 sartori nanuel giolfo manuela e b cassuto phelippe 2016 approaches to the history and dialectology of arabic in honor of pierre larcher brill p 453 isbn 9789004325883 v t e arabic language overviews language alphabet history romanization numerals influence on other languages scripts nabataean script arabic script ancient north arabian ancient south arabian script arabic numerals eastern numerals arabic braille algerian braille maltese braille diacritics ijam tashkil harakat nunation tanwin shaddah hamza dagger alif maltese alphabet letters alif ba ta tha gim ḥa kha dal dhal ra zay sin shin ṣad ḍad ṭa ẓa ayn ghayn fa qaf kaf lam mim nun ha waw ya varieties pre islamic proto arabic nabataean arabic old arabic old hijazi arabic pre classical arabic literary classical modern standard modern spoken maghrebi pre hilalian andalusi sicilian maltese australian cottenera gozitan qormi żejtun żurrieqi urban ceuta tunis north eastern tunisian fessi village eastern sahili sahel sfaxian jijel lesser kabylia western traras msirda jebli mountain judeo maghrebi judeo moroccan judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian hilalian central hilal algerian judeo algerian algerian saharan eastern algerian eastern hilal tunisian maqil hassaniya nemadi moroccan eastern western western algerian sulaym libyan western egyptian bedawi nile valley egyptian saʽidi sudanese levantine north cilician lebanese syrian aleppine damascene south jordanian palestinian mesopotamian gilit baghdadi khuzestani shawi south north qeltu anatolian cypriot judeo iraqi baghdadi peninsular bahrani bareqi bedawi dhofari gulf bahraini emirati kuwaiti khamseh qatari hejazi k group yafiʽi najdi omani shihhi yemeni hadhrami indonesian sanʽani taʽizzi adeni tihami judeo yemeni others central asian bactrian bukhara kashkadarya khorasani shirvani chadian nigerian sociological bedouin arabic judeo arabic judeo algerian judeo egyptian judeo iraqi baghdadi judeo moroccan kjal wqal judeo palestinian judeo syrian judeo tripolitanian judeo tunisian tunisene judeo yemeni adeni beda habban sanʽani creoles and pidgins bimbashi bongor gulf pidgin jordanian bengali pidgin juba maridi nubi pidgin madam turku academic literature names linguistics standard arabic phonology sun and moon letters tajwid imala irab case grammar triliteral root mater lectionis ipa quranic arabic corpus calligraphy script ajami script diwani hijazi script jawi script jeli thuluth kairouani kufic maghrebi mashq muhaqqaq naskh script nastaliq rasm ruqʽa script shahmukhi sini script taliq script tawqi thuluth technical arabic keyboard arabic script in unicode iso iec 8859 6 windows 1256 ms dos codepages 708 709 710 711 720 864 macarabic encoding other islam and arabic language italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title turku_arabic oldid 1321349959 categories arabic based pidgins and creoles arab diaspora in africa languages of chad extinct dialects of arabic hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata language articles without speaker estimate languages without iso 639 3 code but with glottolog code articles with unnamed glottolog code this page was last edited on 10 november 2025 at 01 30 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents turku arabic 1 language add topic