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ish where exposed to sunlight this above ground part develops from stem tissue but is fused with the root citation needed the interior flesh is entirely white the root is roughly globular from 5 20 cm 2 8 in in diameter and lacks side roots underneath the taproot the normal root below the swollen storage root is thin and 10 cm 4 in or more in length it is often trimmed off before selling the leaves grow directly from the above ground shoulder of the root with little or no visible crown or neck as found in rutabagas citation needed turnip roots weigh up to 1 kilogram 2 pounds although they are usually harvested when smaller size is partly a function of variety and partly a function of the length of time a turnip has grown history edit wild forms of the turnip and its relatives the mustards and radishes are found over western asia and europe starting as early as 2000 bce related oilseed subspecies of brassica rapa like oleifera may have been domesticated several times from the mediterranean to north east china and north west indian subcontinent though these are not the same turnips cultivated for their roots 3 it is believed oilseed subspecies domestication came after turnip roots 3 4 previous estimates of domestication dates are limited to linguistic analyses of plant names 5 edible turnips were domesticated in central asia several thousand years ago supported by genetic studies of both wild and domesticated varieties showing central asian varieties are the most genetically diverse crops 6 ancient literary references to turnips in central asia and the existence of words for turnip in ancestral languages of the region also support the turnip as the original domesticated form of brassica rapa subsp rapa 6 it later spread to europe and east asia with farmers in both areas later selecting for larger leaves it subsequently became an important food in the hellenistic and roman world 3 although the date of turnips spread to south and west asia is unclear genetic evidence implies it occurred after their initial spread to europe and east asia 4 among jews in antiquity the turnip was regarded as a food of the poor to the extent that the talmud declares woe to the house in which the turnip passes rabbinic sources further observe that turnips were consumed in various forms fresh boiled or ground and that their flavor was enhanced when cooked with meat 7 the turnip later spread to china and reached japan by 700 ce 3 turnips were an important crop in the cuisine of antebellum america they were grown for their greens as well as the roots and could yield edible greens within a few weeks of planting making them a staple of new plantations still in the process of becoming productive they could be planted as late as the fall and still provide newly arrived settlers with a source of food the typical southern way of cooking turnip greens was to boil them with a chunk of salt pork the broth obtained from this process was known as pot likker and was served with crumbled corn pone often made from coarse meal when little else was available along the antebellum frontier 8 cultivation edit turnip crop in flower c 1930 the 1881 american household cyclopedia advises that turnips can be grown in fields that have been harrowed and ploughed it recommends planting in late may or june and weeding and thinning with a hoe throughout the summer 9 as a root crop turnips grow best in cool weather hot temperatures cause the roots to become woody and bad tasting they are typically planted in the spring in cold weather climates such as the northern us and canada where the growing season is only 3 4 months as the global climate warms this can increase the growing season but can also stress turnips recent work has shown that agrivoltaic shielding with partially transparent solar panels can mitigate this effect and increase yields 10 in temperate climates ones with a growing season of 5 6 months turnips may also be planted in late summer for a second fall crop in warm weather climates 7 or more month growing season they are planted in the fall the average time from planting to harvest is 55 60 days citation needed turnips can also be grown in controlled environmental agriculture using vertical farming techniques although larger grow cups are needed than those traditionally used for crops like lettuce 11 turnips are a biennial plant taking two years from germination to reproduction the root spends the first year growing and storing nutrients and the second year flowers produces seeds and dies the flowers of the turnip are tall and yellow with the seeds forming in pea like pods in areas with less than seven month growing seasons temperatures are too cold for the roots to survive the winter to produce seeds pulling the turnips and storing them over winter is necessary taking care not to damage the leaves during the spring they may be set back in the ground to complete their lifecycle 12 98 turnip flowers a bundle of tokyo turnips nutrition edit turnip greens cooked boiled drained without salt nutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz energy 84 kj 20 kcal carbohydrates 4 4 g sugars 0 5 g dietary fiber 3 5 g fat 0 2 g protein 1 1 g vitamins and minerals vitamins quantity dv vitamin a equiv beta carotene 42 381 μg 42 4575 μg thiamine b 1 4 0 045 mg riboflavin b 2 6 0 072 mg niacin b 3 3 0 411 mg pantothenic acid b 5 5 0 274 mg vitamin b 6 11 0 18 mg folate b 9 30 118 μg vitamin c 30 27 4 mg vitamin e 13 1 88 mg vitamin k 307 368 μg minerals quantity dv calcium 11 137 mg iron 4 0 8 mg magnesium 5 22 mg manganese 15 0 337 mg phosphorus 2 29 mg potassium 7 203 mg sodium 1 29 mg other constituents quantity water 93 2 g lutein 8440 µg link to usda database entry percentages estimated using us recommendations for adults 13 except for potassium which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the national academies 14 turnips cooked boiled drained without salt nutritional value per 100 g 3 5 oz energy 92 kj 22 kcal carbohydrates 5 1 g sugars 3 0 dietary fiber 2 0 g fat 0 1 g protein 0 7 g vitamins and minerals vitamins quantity dv thiamine b 1 2 027 mg riboflavin b 2 2 023 mg niacin b 3 2 299 mg pantothenic acid b 5 3 142 mg vitamin b 6 4 067 mg folate b 9 2 9 μg vitamin c 13 11 6 mg minerals quantity dv calcium 3 33 mg iron 1 18 mg magnesium 2 9 mg manganese 3 071 mg phosphorus 2 26 mg potassium 6 177 mg sodium 1 16 mg zinc 1 12 mg other constituents quantity water 93 6 g link to usda database entry percentages estimated using us recommendations for adults 13 except for potassium which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the national academies 14 boiled green leaves of the turnip top turnip greens provide 84 kilojoules 20 kilocalories of food energy in a reference serving of 100 grams 3 1 2 oz and are 93 water 4 carbohydrates and 1 protein with negligible fat the boiled greens are a rich source more than 20 of the daily value dv particularly of vitamin k 350 dv with vitamin a vitamin c and folate content also significant 30 dv or greater additionally boiled turnip greens contain substantial lutein 8440 micrograms per 100 g in a 100 gram reference amount boiled turnip root supplies 92 kj 22 kcal with only vitamin c in a moderate amount 14 dv other micronutrients in boiled turnip are in low or negligible content boiled turnip is 94 water 5 carbohydrates and 1 protein with negligible fat uses edit turnip leaves are sometimes eaten as turnip greens turnip tops in the uk with a flavor resembling mustard greens to which they are closely related turnip greens are a common side dish in southeastern us cooking primarily during late fall and winter smaller leaves are preferred varieties of turnip grown specifically for their leaves resemble mustard greens and have small roots these include rapini broccoli rabe bok choy and chinese cabbage similar to raw cabbage or radish turnip leaves and roots have a pungent flavor that becomes milder after cooking citation needed in england around 1700 charles turnip townshend promoted the use of turnips in a four year crop rotation system that enabled year round livestock feeding 15 in the austrian region of wildschönau farmers produce a kind of schnaps called krautinger from a variation of brassica rapa subsp rapa since they were granted permission to do so under empress maria theresia in the 18th century 16 it is notorious for its distinct taste and smell in culture edit the turnip is an old vegetable charge in heraldry it was used by leonhard von keutschach prince archbishop of salzburg the turnip is still the heart shield in the arms of keutschach am see 17 the arms of the former municipality of kiikala finland were gules a turnip or 18 in scottish and some other english dialects the word turnip can also refer to rutabagas north american english also known as swedes in england a variety of brassica napus which is a hybrid between the turnip brassica rapa and the cabbage turnips are generally smaller with white flesh while rutabagas are larger with yellow flesh scottish english sometimes distinguishes turnips as white turnips and sometimes distinguishes rutabagas as neeps turnips in the coat of arms of kauvatsa references edit smillie susan 25 january 2010 are neeps swedes or turnips the guardian an universal etymological english dictionary internet archive retrieved 21 october 2023 1 2 3 4 sanderson helen 2005 prance ghillean nesbitt mark eds the cultural history of plants routledge p 72 isbn 0 415 92746 3 1 2 c mcalvay alex p ragsdale aaron e mabry makenzie xinshuai qi a bird kevin pablo velasco hong an chris pires j eve emshwiller 2021 07 29 brassica rapa domestication untangling wild and feral forms and convergence of crop morphotypes molecular biology and evolution 38 8 3358 3372 doi 10 1093 molbev msab108 pmc 8321528 pmid 33930151 archived from the original on 2026 06 03 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link zohary daniel hopf maria weiss ehud 2012 domestication of plants in the old world the origin and spread of domesticated plants in southwest asia europe and the mediterranean basin 4th ed oxford oxford university press p 139 isbn 978 0 19 954906 1 1 2 mcalvay alex c ragsdale aaron p mabry makenzie e qi xinshuai bird kevin a velasco pablo an hong pires j chris emshwiller eve 30 april 2021 brassica rapa domestication untangling wild and feral forms and convergence of crop morphotypes molecular biology and evolution 38 8 3358 3372 doi 10 1093 molbev msab108 pmc 8321528 pmid 33930151 via oxford academic broshi magen 2001 bread wine walls and scrolls the library of second temple studies london bloomsbury publishing plc pp 130 131 isbn 978 1 84127 201 6 sam bowers hilliard hog meat and hoecake food supply in the old south 1840 1860 2014 household cyclopedia of 1881 matthew spong 1881 jamil uzair pearce joshua m 2026 04 08 effects of thin film and wafer based photovoltaic module transparency and spectral properties on microclimate and turnip yield in agrivoltaic systems journal of cleaner production 554 148032 bibcode 2026jcpro 55448032j doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2026 148032 issn 0959 6526 shadd adia asgari nima pearce joshua m 2025 05 24 effects of spectral ranges on growth and yield in vertical hydroponic aeroponic hybrid grow systems for radishes and turnips foods 14 11 1872 doi 10 3390 foods14111872 issn 2304 8158 pmc 12154566 pmid 40509400 greene wesley 2012 turnip vegetable gardening the colonial williamsburg way rodale pp 95 98 isbn 978 1 60961 162 0 turnips are biennial plants that must pass through a winter season to form flowers and seed in colder regions they must be dug and stored for winter and replanted in spring 1 2 united states food and drug administration 2024 daily value on the nutrition and supplement facts labels fda archived from the original on 2024 03 27 retrieved 2024 03 28 1 2 table 4 7 comparison of potassium adequate intakes established in this report to potassium adequate intakes established in the 2005 dri report p 120 in stallings virginia a harrison meghan oria maria eds 2019 potassium dietary reference intakes for adequacy dietary reference intakes for sodium and potassium pp 101 124 doi 10 17226 25353 isbn 978 0 309 48834 1 pmid 30844154 ncbi nbk545428 ashton t s 1948 the industrial revolution a galaxy book third printing 1965 ed new york oxford university press p 21 wildschönauer krautinger schmöger m 2010 01 27 keutschach am see carinthia austria crw flags flags of the world website vexillology retrieved 2023 08 24 blazoning of arms on an inescutcheon sable a turnip argent with three leaves vert hartemink ralf kiikala heraldry wiki archived from the original on 2022 10 23 retrieved 2021 02 14 official blazon finnish punaisessa kentässä kultainen nauris external links edit wikibooks cookbook has a recipe module on turnip media related to brassica rapa at wikimedia commons media related to brassica rapa subsp rapa at wikimedia commons multilingual taxonomic information from the university of melbourne alternative field crop manual turnip taxon identifiers brassica rapa var rapa wikidata q1922680 calflora 9736 fna 241000004 foc 241000004 gbif old 6306668 itis 526965 natureserve 2 138336 ncbi 1652998 nzor 30edd1b8 707a 42a7 8280 7d26852d7ffb nzpcn brassica rapa var rapa open tree of life 7057309 plants brrar tropicos 50197717 wfo wfo 0001260997 v t e brassica species brassica carinata brassica elongata brassica fruticulosa brassica hilarionis brassica juncea brassica napus brassica oleracea brassica rapa brassica tournefortii cultivars bomdong canola chinese cabbage bok choy napa cabbage choy sum collard greens kohlrabi mustard plant nanohana rapeseed rapini rutabaga spring greens tatsoi turnip triangle of u brassica brassicaceae brassicaceae cruciferous vegetables brassica cruciferous biochemistry genera list authority control databases international gnd national czech republic retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title turnip oldid 1377980948 categories brassica crops crops originating from europe leaf vegetables root vegetables hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with species microformats all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from february 2017 articles with unsourced statements from october 2011 cs1 maint multiple names authors list articles with unsourced statements from february 2021 pages using gallery without a media namespace prefix commons link from wikidata commons category link is on wikidata taxonbars on possible non taxon pages taxonbars with multiple manual wikidata items taxonbars without primary wikidata taxon ids this page was last edited on 2 october 2026 at 06 39 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the 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