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Text of the page (random words):
owing schematic represents the full range of possible elements that may exist in a noun phrase 20 determiner demonstrative numeral classifier adjective s noun noun phrase possessor relative clause determiners and demonstratives edit the initial position of the noun phrase may be occupied by either the determiner te often followed by the final position clitic e or a demonstrative they behave like proclitics phonologically joining the following independent word te serves two functions in the noun phrase as a marker of both definiteness and grammatical topic in this sense it is similar to the definite articles in french or spanish te is usually used with definite nouns that is to reference a contextually identifiable entity either because it was already mentioned or because it is present or implicit in a situation or to reference a unique entity the sun the king et cetera in casual speech tzeltal speakers often replace te with i there are two demonstratives the proximal ini in i and the distal me and both are accompanied by the final position clitic to which serves a deictic function in reinforcing the act of signaling they are analogous to the demonstratives this and that in english for example ya j mulan ini jun to i like this book and ya j mulan me jun to i like that book numerals edit this position may be occupied by a numeral and classifier or by a quantifier analogous to the english all or many for example various classifiers exist each associated with a specific semantic domain for example tul with humans or kojtʼ with animals in the absence of a semantically associated classifier numerals take the general classifier eb with the exception of the numeral jun one quantifiers such as teb a little or bayal a lot also appear in this position adjectives edit one or more adjectives may appear in the position labeled adjective s when the adjective serves an epithetical function it takes the suffix vl or vm with adjectives of color applied to animals as in the sentence le way al aa te j kojtʼ mukʼ ul tiʼwal sak im tsʼiʼ a ferocious big white dog is sleeping there mukʼ big sak white nouns can appear in this position when used as a modifier as in tunim chij sheep literally cotton deer possession edit if the noun at the head of the noun phrase is possessed by another noun the possessor noun immediately follows the possessed noun possession takes many complex forms in tzeltal see polian 2006 5 5 for details most commonly and simply it is marked with the prefixes corresponding to transitive verbs marked for ergativity such that the phrase john s house would be expressed as s na john or his house john order of arguments in a phrase edit predicates occur phrase initially non final position for predicates is an areal feature the order of arguments in the phrase is variable but the most frequent order for transitive phrases is vos the relationship between arguments and predicates is mediated by the personal ergative and absolutive affixes one affix occurring for each argument though recall that those same affixes are used in other grammatical constructions such as possession the systematic appearance of one personal marker per argument means that corresponding arguments need not be realized as noun phrases but can be implied when corresponding to an unmarked topic the two following examples illustrate both scenarios la s tsʼun ixim te h bankile my older brother sowed some corn la s tsʼun he sowed it the la marks the verb in the perfective aspect in both examples the transitive verb tsʼun sow takes two personal affixes the third person ergative prefix s and the third person absolutive ø in sentence 1 both because of the semantic nature of the verb meaning sow and because vos is the unmarked constituent order 21 we assume that ixim corn is the object of the verb and h bankile my older brother the subject in sentence 2 neither the object nor the subject argument appears as a noun phrase tzeltal almost never uses pronouns as unmarked topics the presence of two affixes completes the meaning of the transitive predicate without the need as in english for separate deictic arguments because of this paradigm a transitive verb with both third person affixes appearing only with one argument noun phrase can be ambiguous la y il ø te achʼixe il see and te achʼixe the girl could mean either the girl saw it him her or he she saw the girl because the noun phrase te achʼixe could be either the subject or object however in the case of passive phrases the semantic agent may appear unmarked while the absolutive suffix is preceded by the passive suffix ot tiʼ ot ø tsʼiʼ te mikel mikel was bitten by a dog the verb takes only the absolutive person marker ø while the agent tsʼiʼ dog doesn t correspond to an ergative person marker on the verb with ditransitive verbs marked with the applicative suffix b the indirect object corresponds to an absolutive marker while the direct object goes unmarked la h man b at tumut i bought you some eggs man buy is marked with the first person ergative prefix corresponding to i and with the second person ergative suffix corresponding to you while tumut egg goes unmarked polian 2006 provides the following table showing the relative frequencies of various constituent orders occurring with transitive active verbs in which v represents the verb a the semantic agent or subject and p the semantic passive or object 22 order percentage vp 41 6 v 23 5 va 14 5 vpa 7 7 avp 4 5 pv 3 6 av 3 2 vap 0 9 pva 0 4 total 100 as the three most frequent constructions omit at least one verbal argument its presence marked only on the verb itself it can be said that tzeltal speakers prefer to omit arguments if they are evident from context information structure edit though there is minor disagreement among linguists as to the placement of post verbal noun phrases the most recent studies suggest that information structure is the principal factor in determining their order with few exceptions noun phrases are arranged in order from the most focalized to the most topicalized in short if the semantic agent is the more topicalized element active voice constructions will take the order vpa a semantic active object v verb p semantic passive object while passive voice constructions take the order v pas ap v pas verb marked for passivity if the subject is not the more topicalized element then the active voice will take the form vap and the passive voice will take the form v pas pa both the focus and topic of a phrase can be syntactically expressed with non verb initial constructions though these occur usually as a means to emphasize information rather than as a preferred construction to topicalize the semantic active subject an avp order is used with the determinant clitic circumfix te e around both the a and p elements to focalize the subject the same avp order is used except that the determinant circumfix is absent on the a element to focalize the object pva order is used with the a element circumfixed with te e and with p unaffixed if the subject is topicalized and the object is focalized an apv order is used with a circumfixed and p unaffixed though these are not the only possible orders it is clear that a focalized element occurring before a verb does not take the determinant te e topic edit as was stated above the more topicalized an element is the more likely it is to be distanced from the predicate topic can be morphologically marked in a number of ways topicalized elements in the initial position can optionally be preceded by the particle in followed by the determinant te or by a demonstrative in te k ijtsʼine tal as for my little brother he came k ijtsʼin my little brother tal come further the particle jaʼ may also be used to mark topicalization also phrase initially jaʼ te k ijtsʼine tal as for my little brother he came if jaʼ is marking a change in topic within a discourse it is immediately followed by the adverb xan more often reduced in casual speech to jaʼan jan or even an to mark a contrastive topic as in the english sentence michael i saw but john on the other hand i did not yan other appears before the contrastive topic john in the example along with the pronoun tukel te petule la jk il yan te mikele ma chiknaj s tukel i saw petul but mikel on the other hand did not appear focus edit focus in tzeltal behaves such that noun phrases are more or less focalized depending on their degree of predictability in a given context noun phrases that are more surprising or unexpected in a given context will be said to be more marked for focus that those which are expected obviation edit the relative order of a verb and its active and patient arguments and whether or not a passive construction may be used can be affected by the definiteness and topicalization of the arguments when the agent argument is a definite noun phrase and the patient argument is indefinite only the active construction is grammatical thus the tzeltal equivalent of the phrase the dog killed a cat could not be expressed in the passive voice because the agent the dog is definite but the patient a cat is indefinite 23 inversely if the patient is definite and the agent indefinite the passive voice is grammatically required whereas an english speaker could say either a boy hit michael or michael was hit by a boy tzeltal speakers are obligated to use the passive construct notes edit lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más 2020 inegi censo de población y vivienda 2020 laurie bauer 2007 the linguistics student s handbook edinburgh 1 2 polian 2006 p 12 campbell lyle 1988 the linguistics of southeast chiapas mexico provo brigham young up 1 2 ethnologue languages of the world unknown ed sil international this citation is dated and should be substituted with a specific edition of ethnologue written at mexico city in chiapas mayans get mass sacraments in two of their languages catholic sentinel portland or catholic news service archived from the original on 29 october 2013 retrieved 24 october 2013 shklovsky kirill may 2005 person marking in petalcingo tzeltal pdf ba thesis reed college p 11 archived from the original pdf on 30 december 2008 gerdel florence 1955 tzeltal maya phonemes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 smith joshua hinmán 27 april 1999 bertens madelief ed manual of spoken tzeltal translated by robinson stuart p archived from the original on 27 september 2006 polian 2006 p 18 1 2 monod becquelin aurore 1997 parlons tzeltal une langue maya du mexique paris l harmattan p 65 isbn 9782738457998 polian 2006 p 8 1 2 polian 2006 p 57 kaufman terrence 1971 tzeltal phonology and morphology berkeley university of california berkeley press pp 32 isbn 9780520092587 1 2 polian 2006 p 35 luraghi silvia claudia parodi 2013 luraghi silvia parodi claudia eds the bloomsbury companion to syntax a c black p 243 isbn 978 1441124609 retrieved 17 may 2014 polian 2006 p 68 polian 2006 p 73 polian 2006 p 77 polian 2006 p 133 polian 2006 p 164 polian 2006 p 167 polian 2006 p 177 references edit polian gilles 2006 éléments de grammaire du tseltal une langue maya du mexique paris l harmattan isbn 9782296009790 further reading edit polian gilles 2020 dictionaria tseltal tseltal spanish multidialectal dictionary data set 1 0 1 doi 10 5281 zenodo 3668865 external links edit tzeltal language test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator v t e languages of mexico official indigenous 100 000 speakers indo european spanish uto aztecan nahuatl mayan yucatec maya tzeltal maya tzotzil maya chʼol huastec oto manguean mixtec zapotec otomí mazatec chinantec mazahua tlapanec mixe zoquean mixe other totonac purépecha 10 000 100 000 speakers uto aztecan tarahumara huichol mayo yaqui tepehuán cora tepehua mayan tojol abʼal mam chontal de tabasco qʼanjobʼal oto manguean amuzgo chatino triqui popolocan cuicatec pame mixe zoquean sierra popoluca isolate huave under 10 000 speakers mayan chuj akatek qʼeqchí lacandón jakaltek kʼicheʼ kaqchikel teko qatoʼk ixil awakatek uto aztecan huarijío pima bajo pápago oto manguean tacuate chichimeca jonaz chocholtec matlatzinca ixcatec na dene mezcalero chiricahua western apache lipan mixe zoquean texistepec olutec ayapanec yuman cochimí paipai cucapá kumiai kiliwa algic kikapú whistled speech other chontal of oaxaca seri non official indigenous under 10 000 speakers mixe zoquean jitotoltec extinct mayan chicomuceltec cabil coxoh es yuman cochimí cochimí monqui comecrudan comecrudo garza mamulique uto aztecan acaxee amotomanco auteco caxcan coca concho eudeve guachichil northern chiapas nahuatl southern coahuila nahuatl ópata pochutec tanpachoa tepecano toboso tubar zacateco zayahueco es mixe zoquean tapachultec isolates coahuilteco cotoname uhpɨneʼlu unclassified guerrero chontal chumbia janambre jumano maratino naolan jalisco otomi quinigua solano jalisco zapotec non indigenous english french portuguese plautdietsch venetian basque catalan hebrew arabic romani japanese korean greek italian chinese german sign mexican sign language albarradas sign language mayan sign language plains indian sign language chatino sign language note the list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population v t e mayan languages huastecan cabil chicomuceltec huastec yucatecan mopan itza itzaʼ mopan yucatec lacandon lacandon yucatec maya western chʼolan tzeltalan chʼolan chontal chʼol chʼoltiʼ chʼortiʼ tzeltalan tzeltal tzotzil qʼanjobalan chujean chujean chuj tojolabʼal qʼanjobʼalan jakaltek akatek jakaltek qʼanjobʼal mototzintleco mochoʼ eastern mamean ixilean awakatek ixil mamean proper mam tektitek greater quichean quichean proper achi kʼicheʼ kaqchikel tzʼutujil poqom poqomam poqomchiʼ others qʼeqchi sakapultek sipakapense uspantek mixed language cauque mayan history proto mayan classic maya classical kʼicheʼ list of mayan languages italics indicate extinct languages retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title tzeltal_language oldid 1360941299 categories agglutinative languages mayan languages mesoamerican languages indigenous languages of mexico tzeltal hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from july 2024 articles containing tzeltal language text iso language articles citing sources other than ethnologue language articles citing ethnologue undated all articles with vague or ambiguous time vague or ambiguous time from july 2024 cs1 location test wikipedia articles needing clarification from april 2024 all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from december 2009 pages with plain ipa cs1 unfit url wikipedia articles needing clarification from october 2016 wikipedia articles needing clarification from july 2015 this page was last edited on 24 june 2026 at 16 32 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy 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