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日本語 ქართული 한국어 lietuvių latviešu македонски nederlands occitan polski piemontèis português runa simi română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska தமிழ் türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia monarch of the inca state in peru this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2023 learn how and when to remove this message for other uses see túpac amaru disambiguation túpac amaru túpac amaru the last sapa inca of vilcabamba sapa inca of the neo inca state reign 1571 1572 predecessor titu cusi successor state abolished juan santos atahualpa as self proclaimed sapa inca of a neo inca empire born 14 april 1545 peru died 24 september 1572 1572 09 24 aged 27 cusco viceroyalty of peru modern day peru quechua tupaq amaru dynasty hanan qusqu father manco inca yupanqui túpac amaru or thupa amaru 14 april 1545 24 september 1572 first name also spelled túpac tupac topa tupaq thupaq thupa last name also spelled amaro instead of amaru was the last sapa inca of the neo inca state the final remaining independent part of the inca empire he was executed by the spanish following a months long pursuit after the fall of the neo inca state 1 11 2 his name is derived from the quechua words thupaq meaning royal or shining and amaru which can either mean snake or refer to the snake like being from andean mythology 3 accession edit following the spanish conquest of peru in the 1530s a few members of the royal family established the small independent neo inca state in vilcabamba which was located in the relatively inaccessible upper amazon to the northeast of cusco the founder of this state was manco inca yupanqui also known as manco cápac ii who had initially allied himself with the spanish then led an unsuccessful war against them before establishing himself in vilcabamba in 1540 after a spanish attack in 1544 in which manco inca yupanqui was killed his son sayri túpac assumed the title of sapa inca emperor literally only inca before accepting spanish authority in 1558 moving to cuzco and dying perhaps by poison in 1561 he was succeeded in vilcabamba by his brother titu cusi who himself died in 1571 túpac amaru another brother of the two preceding emperors then succeeded to the title in vilcabamba final war with and capture by spanish edit at this time the spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous sapa inca titu cusi and had routinely sent two ambassadors to continue ongoing negotiations being held with titu cusi they were both killed on the border by an inca captain using the justification that the incas had broken the inviolate law observed by all nations of the world regarding ambassadors the new viceroy francisco de toledo count of oropesa decided to attack and conquer vilcabamba he declared war on 14 april 1572 the first engagement of the war commenced in the vilcabamba valley on 1 june the inca people attacked first with much spirit despite being only lightly armed again and again they attempted to lift the siege held by the spanish and their native allies but each time they were forced to retreat on 24 june the spanish entered vilcabamba to find it deserted and the sapa inca gone the city had been entirely destroyed and the last remnants of the inca empire the neo inca state now officially ceased to exist tupaq amaru last inca king prisoner of the spaniards 1572 drawing by guaman poma de ayala túpac amaru had left the previous day with a party of about 100 and headed west into the lowland forests the group which included his generals and family members had then split up into smaller parties in an attempt to avoid capture three groups of spanish soldiers pursued them one group captured titu cusi s son and wife a second returned with military prisoners along with gold silver and other precious jewels the third group returned with túpac amaru s two brothers other relatives and several of his generals the sapa inca and his commander remained at large following this a group of forty hand picked soldiers under martín garcía óñez de loyola set out to pursue them they followed the masahuay river for 170 miles where they found an inca warehouse with quantities of gold and the inca s tableware the spanish captured a group of chunco and compelled them to tell them what they had seen and if they had seen the sapa inca they reported that he had gone down river by boat to a place called momorí the spaniards then constructed five rafts and pursued them at momorí they discovered that tupac amaru had escaped by land they followed with the help of the manarí who advised which path the inca had followed and reported that túpac was slowed by his wife who was about to give birth after a fifty mile march they saw a campfire around nine o clock at night they found the sapa inca túpac amaru and his wife warming themselves they assured them that no harm would come to them and secured their surrender túpac amaru was arrested the captives were brought back to the ruins of vilcabamba and together they were all marched into cuzco on 21 september the invaders also brought the mummified remains of manco cápac and titu cusi and a gold statue of punchao a representation of the inca s lineage containing the mortal remains of the hearts of the deceased inca kings these sacred items were then destroyed execution edit the five captured inca generals received a summary trial and were sentenced to death by hanging several had already died of torture or disease the trial of the sapa inca himself began a couple of days later túpac amaru was convicted of the murder of the priests in vilcabamba and sentenced to be beheaded it was reported in various sources in 1598 that numerous catholic clerics convinced of túpac amaru s innocence pleaded to no avail on their knees that the inca be sent to spain for a trial instead of being executed drawing by the chronicler martín de murúa showing the execution of túpac amaru i with his executioner being a spaniard many have argued that viceroy toledo in executing a head of state recognized by the spanish as an independent king exceeded his authority and by spanish legal standards committed a crime other claims have been made to the contrary that túpac amaru was in rebellion his predecessors having allegedly accepted spanish authority that toledo had tried peaceful means to settle differences that three of his ambassadors to the inca were murdered and that túpac amaru subsequently raised an army to resist the colonial army the king of spain philip ii disapproved of the execution an eyewitness report from the day recalls túpac amaru riding a mule with hands tied behind his back and a rope around his neck other witnesses reported there were great crowds and the sapa inca was surrounded by hundreds of guards with lances in front of the cathedral of santo domingo in the central square of cuzco a black draped scaffold had been erected reportedly 10 000 to 15 000 witnesses were present 4 túpac amaru mounted the scaffold accompanied by the bishop of cuzco as he did it was reported by the same witnesses that a multitude of indians who completely filled the square saw that lamentable spectacle and knew that their lord and inca was to die they deafened the skies making them reverberate with their cries and wailing 5 as reported by eyewitnesses baltasar de ocampa and friar gabriel de oviedo prior of the dominicans at cuzco the sapa inca raised his hand to silence the crowds and his last words were ccollanan pachacamac ricuy auccacunac yawarniy hichascancuta pacha kamaq witness how my enemies shed my blood descendants edit nearly forty years after the conquest of peru began with the execution of atahualpa the conquest ended with the execution of his nephew the spanish viceroy rounded up the royal descendants several dozen including túpac amaru s three year old son were banished to mexico chile panama and elsewhere citation needed some of them were allowed to return home túpac amaru s memory lived on and would become personified in an important late eighteenth century insurgency that was rooted in aspirations toward a revival of inca status vis a vis the spanish administration in 1780 josé gabriel condorcanqui túpac amaru ii who claimed to be a direct descendant of túpac amaru led an indigenous uprising against continued spanish presence in peru alongside his wife micaela bastidas condorcanqui s rebellion emerged in response to new bourbon reforms implemented by the spanish crown which included incremental increases in levels of taxation upon indigenous populations such as the alcabala or sales tax túpac amaru ii s rebellion was sparked when he condorcanqui captured and killed the spanish corregidor antonio arriaga in november 1780 legacy edit historian el inca garcilaso de la vega claimed that king philip ii disapproved of the public execution of túpac amaru túpac amaru s death in 1572 has generated great interest centuries after relatively little is known about túpac amaru but this has not prevented his death from becoming a symbol of power to those in the region public figures such as andean rebel leader jose gabriel condorcanqui resonated with túpac amaru s ideology so much so that he changed his name to tupac amaru ii despite túpac amaru s short life and tragic death his legacy precedes him especially among the peruvian community primary school number 239 in warsaw mirów had been named in honor of túpac amaru but it closed in 2001 6 rapper tupac amaru shakur was named after túpac amaru ii 7 see also edit peru portal history portal biography portal amaru mythology neo inca state vilcabamba manco inca yupanqui sayri tupac túpac amaru revolutionary movement references edit yupanqui titu cusi 2005 an inca account of the conquest of peru university press of colorado isbn 978 0 87081 821 9 garrett david t 2005 shadows of empire the indian nobility of cusco 1750 1825 cambridge university press p 22 doi 10 1017 cbo9780511529085 isbn 978 0 521 84634 9 valer nonato rufino chuquimamani morales carmen gladis alosilla valer victoria choque 2014 qullaw qichwapa simi qullqan pdf ministry of education peru archived from the original pdf on 29 november 2014 retrieved 12 september 2017 jacobs james q tupac amaru the life times and execution of the last inca jqjacobs net retrieved 11 september 2017 murúa 271 ruina szkoły przy złotej tu kręcono czterdziestolatka tustolica pl bruck connie 30 june 1997 the takedown of tupac the new yorker retrieved 10 august 2020 bibliography edit beverley john túpac amaru rebellion in prem poddar et al historical companion to postcolonial literatures continental europe and its colonies edinburgh university press 2008 cobo bernabé historia del nuevo mundo bk 12 colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento conquista y organización de las antiquas posesiónes españoles de ultramar ed angel de altolaguirre y duvale and adolfo bonilla y san martin 25 vols madrid 1885 1932 vol 15 in hemming flores ochoa jorge and abraham valencia e rebeliones indigenas quechuas y aymaras homenaje al bicentenario de la rebelion campesina de thupa amaro 1780 1980 cuzco peru centro de estudios andinos cuzco 1980 garcía de castro lope despatch lima 6 march 1565 gobernantes del perú cartas y papeles siglo xvi documentos del archivo de indias coleción de publicaciones históricas de la biblioteca del congreso argentino ed roberto levillier 14 vols madrid 1921 1926 in hemming guillen guillen edmundo la guerra de reconquista inca histórica épica de como los incas lucharon en defensa de la soberanía del perú ó tawantinsuyu entre 1536 y 1572 1st ed lima hemming john the conquest of the incas harcourt brace jovanovich new york 1970 lee vincent r forgotten vilcabamba final stronghold of the incas sixpac manco colorado 2000 isbn 978 0 9677109 0 7 macquarrie kim the last days of the incas simon schuster 2007 isbn 978 0 7432 6049 7 markham sir clements the incas of peru 2nd ed john murray london 1912 métraux alfred the history of the incas tr george ordish pantheon books 1969 murúa martín de historia general del perú orígen y descendencia de los incas 1590 1611 ed manuel ballesteros gaibrois 2 vols madrid 1962 1964 in hemming ocampa baltasar de descripción de la provincia de sant francisco de la victoria de villcapampa vilcabampa 1610 tr c r markham hakluyt society second series vol 22 1907 in hemming salazar antonio bautista de relación sobre el periodo del gobierno de los virreyes don francisco de toledo y don garcía hurtado de mendoza 1596 coleción de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento conquista y colonization de las posesiones espanolas en américa y oceanía sacadas en su mayor parte de real archivo de indias 42 vols madrid 1864 1884 in hemming titu cusi yupanqui inca diego del castro relación de la conquista del perú y hechos del inca manco ii instrución el muy ille señor ldo lope garcía de castro gobernador que fue destos rreynos del pirú 1570 coleción de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del perú ed carlos a romero and horacio h urteaga two series 22 vols lima 1916 1935 in hemming valladolid 29 april 1549 colección de documentos para la historia de la formación social de hispano américa ed richard konetzke 4 vols madrid 1953 in hemming vargas ugarte ruben historia del perú virreinato 1551 1600 lima 1949 p 258 walker charles f the tupac amaru rebellion belknap press 2014 walker charles f and liz clarke 2020 witness to the age of revolution the odyssey of juan bautista túpac amaru oxford university press external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to tupac amaru túpac amaru appletons cyclopædia of american biography 1889 regnal titles preceded by titu cusi sapa inca as ruler of the neo inca state 1571 1572 state abolished authority control databases international isni viaf gnd fast worldcat national united states vatican israel people deutsche biographie other idref retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title túpac_amaru oldid 1374633362 categories inca emperors 1545 births 1572 deaths 16th century south american people 16th century indigenous leaders in the americas executed monarchs 16th century executions by spain people executed by spain by decapitation 16th century sapa incas monarchs taken prisoner in wartime roman catholic monarchs converts to roman catholicism from paganism hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from august 2023 all articles needing additional reference...