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umm qais wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 location 2 history toggle history subsection 2 1 antiquity 2 2 early islamic period 2 3 ottoman period 2 4 modern period 3 preservation efforts 4 tourism 5 see also 6 gallery 7 references toggle references subsection 7 1 citations 8 bibliography 9 external links toggle the table of contents umm qais 23 languages العربية مصرى cebuano deutsch español euskara فارسی français magyar bahasa indonesia italiano lietuvių nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål português română slovenščina shqip svenska türkçe українська اردو edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 32 39 15 n 35 41 15 e 32 65417 n 35 68750 e 32 65417 35 68750 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia town in irbid jordan umm qais أم قيس gadara town umm qais from north umm qais location in jordan coordinates 32 39 15 n 35 41 15 e 32 65417 n 35 68750 e 32 65417 35 68750 pal 213 228 country jordan governorate irbid department bani kinanah elevation 1 240 ft 378 m time zone utc 2 utc 2 summer dst utc 3 utc 3 area code 962 2 umm qais arabic أم قيس lit mother of qais also known as qays is a town in northern jordan principally known for its proximity to the ruins of the ancient gadara it is the largest city in the bani kinanah department and irbid governorate in the extreme northwest of the country near jordan s borders with israel and syria today the site is divided into three main areas the archaeological site gadara the traditional village umm qais and the modern town of umm qais 1 location edit umm qais is located 28 km north of irbid and 120 km north of amman it expanded from the ruins of ancient gadara which are located on a ridge 378 metres 1 240 ft above sea level overlooking the sea of tiberias the golan heights and the yarmouk river gorge strategically central and located close to multiple water sources umm qais has historically attracted a high level of interest history edit church terrace at ancient gadara antiquity edit main article gadara gadara was a centre of greek culture in the region during the hellenistic and roman periods 2 the oldest archaeological evidence at umm qais extends back to the second half of the third century bc 3 and the site appears to have been founded as a military colony by alexander the great s macedonian greeks however the site s name gadara is not greek in origin but rather a greek version of a local semitic name meaning fortifications or the fortified city suggesting the military colony was founded on a pre existing fortified site 4 located on the boundary between seleucid and ptolemaic territory the city was strategically important and was repeatedly the focus of military conquests throughout the succession of syrian wars between 274 188 bce the city s military importance during this period was noted by the greek historian polybius describing it in 218 bce as a fortress and the strongest of all places in the region the roman seleucid war 192 188 bce weakened seleucid control over the region devolving autonomy in palestine and trans jordan to the hasmonean iturean and nabatean kingdoms whose rivalries continued to make gadara a strategically important city and the focus of continued conflict in 98 bce the hasmonean king alexander jannaeus subjected the city to a 10 month siege wresting control of the city and the trade routes to the ports of the eastern mediterranean that passed through it from the nabateans 5 6 the nabatean response culminated in nabatean king obdas 1st decisive victory over jannaeus at the battle of gadara in 93 bce in 63 bce roman general pompey conquered the region gadara was rebuilt and became a member of the semi autonomous roman decapolis 7 8 33 years later augustus attached it to the jewish kingdom of his ally herod after king herod s death in 4 bce gadara became part of the roman province of syria 9 to supply larger populations gadara and the neighbouring decapolis cities of adraa dera a syria and abila qweilbeh jordan undertook construction of a water supply system of 170 km of aqueduct tunnels connecting the cities to springs throughout southern syria and an artificially constructed lake at dille constructed between 90 210 ce the network of rock cut tunnels included 2 900 access shafts and a single 106 km section represents one of the most significant hydro engineering accomplishments of the ancient world during the severan period 193 235 ce the city underwent a rapid expansion westwards and many of the large civic monuments still visible on the site today date to this period and attest to an increase in importance and prosperity after the christianisation of the eastern roman empire gadara retained its important regional status and became for many years the seat of a christian bishop 10 early islamic period edit the battle of yarmouk in 636 ce a short distance from gadara brought the entire region under arab muslim rule on 18 january 749 ce much of the city was destroyed by the galilee earthquake whilst the city was extensively damaged archaeological evidence of limited reconstruction including conversion of the large five aisle basilica church into a mosque indicates the continued settlement of the site at least into the 11th century by the 13th century the site is noted in historic sources under the new name of mukais a local term meaning border place or customs house and from which the modern name of umm qais gradually derived ottoman period edit in 1596 it appeared in the ottoman tax registers named as mkeis situated in the nahiya subdistrict of bani kinana part of the hauran sanjak it had 21 households and 15 bachelors all muslim in addition to 3 christian households the villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25 on agricultural products including wheat barley summer crops fruit trees goats and bee hives the total tax was 8 500 akçe 11 in 1806 ulrich jasper seetzen visited umm qais and identified it as the location of ancient gadara describing the ottoman settlement and the tombs and other monuments still visible on the surface the ancient ruins at um keis were recorded again by western visitors in 1816 and 1838 12 by 1899 schumacher visiting the site as part of his survey work for the hijaz railway records the village had expanded significantly with the construction of larger houses noting also that many of the tombs recorded by early visitors were no longer present umm qais s most impressive building the ottoman governor s residence known as beit rousan rousan house dates to this period of expansion in the late ottoman period modern period edit in 1920 the madafa and hosh courtyard of hajj mahmoud al rousan s house in umm qais hosted a conference of arab leaders from across the middle east to draw up a treaty in response to the british and french plan to divide the region following the end of the british and french mandates the village s school was opened in 1922 by hrh king abdullah i of jordan making it the third oldest school in jordan after those in salt and kerak by 1961 the population of umm qais was 1 196 inhabitants 13 during the 1967 arab israeli war umm qais strategic location put it on the front line of conflict again heavy shelling from the golan heights and aircraft bombing damaged both the village and the ancient city the underground roman mausoleum below the five aisled basilica in the west of the ancient was discovered by accident by the jordanian army and the large intact underground chamber was used as a temporary field hospital during the conflict preservation efforts edit in 1974 the german protestant institute of archaeology uncovered the ruins of a byzantine church building in umm qais 14 since 2005 the orient department of the german archaeological institute under the direction of claudia bührig has been active at gadara the team has uncovered egyptian and greek imported pottery stamped amphorae and a seleucid fortress among other things 15 in 2015 the ambassadors fund for cultural preservation and yarmouk university collaborated to better preserve the roman aqueduct of gadara in umm qais this project was completed in 2018 strengthening the largest remaining subterranean roman aqueduct 16 tourism edit beit rousan many visitors come to umm qais on day trips from the capital amman roughly 110 kilometres 68 mi to the north to see its extensive ruins and enjoy its panoramic views the sea of galilee and tiberias israel are visible and just across the valley of the yarmouk river is the southern end of the golan heights syria 17 under israeli occupation since the six day war in 1967 mount hermon bordering lebanon is visible in the distance on clear days at beit rousan now housing a visitor centre and a museum greek statues and christian mosaics discovered during archaeological excavations of ancient gadara are exhibited see also edit umm qais archaeological museum gallery edit inside the umm qais museum references edit citations edit alawneh firas dec 21 2018 investigations of hellenistic mortar from umm qais gadara jordan arqueología iberoamericana 40 rocca samuel 2008 herod s judea a mediterranean state in the classic world eugene mohr siebeck p 200 isbn 978 1 4982 2454 3 alawneh firas dec 21 2018 investigations of hellenistic mortar from umm qais gadara jordan arqueología iberoamericana 40 shatzman israel the armies of the hasmonaeans and herod from hellenistic to roman frameworks israel shatzman the armies of the hasmonaeans and herod from hellenistic to roman frameworks p 74 piotrkowski meron m 2011 when did alexander yannai capture which gadara jewish studies quarterly 18 3 mohr siebeck gmbh co kg 266 276 doi 10 1628 094457011797248453 jstor 41289144 fitzgerald john thomas obbink dirk d holland glenn stanfield 2004 philodemus and the new testament world electronic resource brill pp 365 366 isbn 9789004114609 mare w harold 2000 decapolis eerdmans dictionary of the bible grand rapids wm b eerdmans publishing pp 333 334 isbn 0 8028 2400 5 josephus antiquities xvii xi 4 josephus bellum judaicum ii vi 3 reland palestine 776 hütteroth and abdulfattah 1977 p 202 smith in robinson and smith 1841 vol 3 2nd appendix p 163 government of jordan department of statistics 1964 p 19 almasri eyad december 1 2017 an enthroned tyche statue from gadara umm qais jordan pdf acta historiae artium 58 1 5 20 doi 10 1556 170 2017 58 1 1 s2cid 194802058 rawashdeh saeb 8 august 2019 german research continues in ancient city of gadara the jordan times umm qais aqueduct opens as preservation project concludes the jordan times 18 december 2018 for example un resolution 242 archived 2009 11 27 at the wayback machine text of resolution at un org archived 2011 01 12 at the wayback machine pdf crs issue brief for congress israeli united states relations pdf congressional research service april 5 2002 retrieved 2009 06 23 presidency statement on golan heights april 1 2004 archived from the original on 2011 01 22 retrieved 2009 06 23 israel and the occupied palestinian territories uk foreign and commonwealth office 11 june 2009 archived from the original on 20 july 2009 retrieved 2009 06 23 the arab peace initiative 2002 al bab 2002 archived from the original on 4 june 2009 retrieved 23 june 2009 bibliography edit government of jordan department of statistics 1964 first census of population and housing volume i final tables general characteristics of the population pdf hütteroth w d abdulfattah k 1977 historical geography of palestine transjordan and southern syria in the late 16th century erlanger geographische arbeiten sonderband 5 erlangen germany vorstand der fränkischen geographischen gesellschaft isbn 3 920405 41 2 robinson e smith e 1841 biblical researches in palestine mount sinai and arabia petraea a journal of travels in the year 1838 vol 3 boston crocker brewster weber thomas umm qais gadara of the decapolis 1989 amman economic press co external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to umm qais gcatholic titular bishopric irbid guide in arabic greater irbid municipality in arabic irbid news in arabic history and pictures greco roman decapolis city of gadara umm qays the levantine ceramics project photos of umm qais at the american center of research v t e irbid governorate of jordan capital irbid departments al qasbah bani obaid department al mazar al shamali department ar ramtha department koura department al aghwar al shamaliyyeh department bani kinanah department taybeh department wasatieh department cities and towns al husn al mazar al shamali al shuna al shamalyah ar ramtha al shajara aydoun bushra der abi saeed habaka huwwarah johfiyeh kafr al maa kufr awan kufr rakeb malka maru natifah samma tibna umm qais zoubia others capitolias beit ras pella husn camp authority control databases international viaf national united states france bnf data czech republic israel other idref yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title umm_qais oldid 1379294038 categories populated places in irbid governorate archaeological sites in jordan ancient greek archaeological sites in western asia decapolis new testament cities catholic titular sees in asia hellenistic colonies hidden categories pages using gadget wikiminiatlas articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing arabic language text articles containing ancient greek to 1453 language text coordinates on wikidata webarchive template wayback links commons category link is on wikidata this page was last edited on 9 october 2026 at 02 29 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents umm qais 23 languages add topic