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diving (267), underwater (231), the (193), and (131), diver (71), #international (56), 2013 (53), scuba (48), world (48), sport (48), games (42), from (39), retrieved (38), #sports (37), association (35), water (35), equipment (34), edit (34), cmas (33), for (32), dive (31), hockey (31), training (28), archived (28), original (28), august (27), decompression (27), divers (26), recreational (26), finswimming (26), des (25), freediving (24), confédération (24), mondiale (24), activités (24), subaquatiques (24), gas (24), john (22), championships (21), swimming (21), was (20), with (20), system (20), spearfishing (20), safety (19), rescue (18), competition (18), july (17), air (17), events (17), breathing (16), submarine (16), rugby (15), photography (15), using (14), aida (14), about (13), special (13), navy (13), cave (13), open (13), surface (13), marine (13), information (13), other (12), deep (12), robert (12), orienteering (12), football (12), further (12), sites (11), pool (11), 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s pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia competitive underwater recreational activities this article is about competitive underwater sports for underwater diving techniques and recreational underwater diving activities see freediving recreational diving scuba diving and snorkelling underwater sports highest governing body organisations include cmas aida international world aquachallenge association waa characteristics mixed sex yes type outdoor openwater confined water indoor swimming pool presence olympic no demonstration events as of july 2013 underwater sports is a group of competitive sports using one or a combination of the following underwater diving techniques breath hold snorkelling or scuba usually including the use of equipment such as diving masks and fins these sports are conducted in the natural environment at sites such as open water and sheltered or confined water such as lakes and in artificial aquatic environments such as swimming pools underwater sports include the following aquathlon i e underwater wrestling finswimming freediving spearfishing sport diving underwater football underwater hockey underwater ice hockey underwater orienteering underwater photography underwater rugby underwater target shooting and underwater video the sports edit aquathlon edit further information aquathlon underwater wrestling aquathlon also known as underwater wrestling is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other s ankle band in order to win the bout the combat takes place in a 5 metre 16 ft square ring within a swimming pool and is made up of three 30 second rounds with a fourth round played in the event of a tie the sport originated during the 1980s in the former ussr now russia and was first played at international level in 1993 it was recognised by confédération mondiale des activités subaquatiques cmas in 2008 1 2 3 4 finswimming edit further information finswimming finswimming is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water s surface using a snorkel using either monofins or bifins i e one fin for each foot or underwater with monofin either by holding one s breathe or underwater using open circuit scuba diving equipment events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues competition at world and continental level is organised by cmas the sport s first world championship was held in 1976 it also has been featured at the world games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2013 summer universiade in july 2013 5 6 7 8 freediving edit further information freediving competitive freediving is currently governed by two world associations aida international international association for development of apnea and cmas most types of competitive freediving have in common that it is an individual sport based on the best individual achievement an exception to this rule is the bi annual world championship for teams held by aida where the combined score of the team members makes up the team s total points there are currently nine disciplines used by official governing bodies and a dozen disciplines that are only practiced locally in this article the recognized disciplines of aida and cmas will be described all disciplines can be done by both men and women and while done outdoors no differences in the environment between records are recognized any longer the disciplines of aida can be done both in competition and as a record attempt with the exception of variable weight and no limits which are both done solely as record attempts 9 skandalopetra edit main article skandalopetra diving skandalopetra diving is freediving using a stone weight at the end of a rope to the surface it dates from ancient greece when it was used by sponge fishermen and has been re discovered in recent years as a competitive freediving discipline 10 it was in this discipline that the first world record in freediving was registered when the greek sponge fisherman stathis chantzis dived to a depth of 83 m 272 ft in july 1913 11 it consists of a variable ballast dive using a skandalopetra tied to a rope to take the diver down a companion on a boat recovers the diver by pulling the rope up after the descent and keeps a watch on the diver from the surface spearfishing edit spearfishing also known as competition spearfishing as an underwater sport involves the hunting and capture of fish underwater using breath hold technique and a tackle system such as a speargun as part of a tournament of fixed duration involving other competitors 12 sport diving edit further information sport diving sport sport diving is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool that test the competitors competency in recreational scuba diving technique the sport was developed in spain during the late 1990s and is currently played mainly in europe it is known as plongée sportive in french and as buceo de competición in spanish 13 underwater football edit further information underwater football underwater football is a two team underwater sport that shares common elements with underwater hockey and underwater rugby as with both of those games it is played in a swimming pool with snorkelling equipment mask snorkel and fins 14 underwater hockey edit further information underwater hockey underwater hockey uwh also called octopush and water hockey locally is a globally played limited contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team s goal by propelling it with a stick 15 it originated in england in 1954 when the founder of the newly formed southsea sub aqua club invented the game as a means of keeping the club s members interested and active over the cold winter months when open water diving lost its appeal underwater hockey was first played as a world championship in canada in 1980 after a false start brought about by international politics in 1979 cmas is the world governing body for this sport citation needed underwater ice hockey edit further information underwater ice hockey underwater ice hockey also called sub aqua ice hockey is a minor extreme sport that is a variant of ice hockey it is played upside down underneath frozen pools or ponds participants wear diving masks fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a floating puck competitors do not utilize any breathing apparatuses but instead surface for air every 30 seconds 16 17 underwater orienteering edit further information underwater orienteering underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors competency in underwater navigation the competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered the sport was developed in the ussr during the late 1950s and is currently played mainly in europe it is known as orientation sub in french and as la orientación subacuática in spanish historically the sport has also been known as technical disciplines 18 underwater photography edit further information underwater photography sport underwater photography is a scuba based underwater sport governed by cmas where teams of competitors using digital underwater camera systems all dive at the same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a two day period the submitted digital images are then assessed and ranked by a jury using a maximum of five photographic categories as well as an overall score the sport was developed prior to 1985 as a photographic film based event and is currently mainly practised in non english speaking countries 19 underwater rugby edit further information underwater rugby underwater rugby uwr is an underwater sport whose play involves two teams seeking to gain control of a slightly negatively buoyant ball filled with saltwater and passing it into a heavy metal bucket serving as the opponents goal at the bottom of a swimming pool it originated from within the physical fitness training regime existing in german diving clubs during the early 1960s and has little in common with rugby football except for the name it was recognised by cmas in 1978 and was first played as a world championship in 1980 20 underwater target shooting edit further information underwater target shooting underwater target shooting is an underwater sport that tests a competitors ability to accurately use a speargun via a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using free diving or apnoea technique the sport was developed in france during the early 1980s and is currently practised mainly in europe it is known as tir sur cible subaquatique in french and as tiro al blanco subacuático in spanish 21 underwater video edit underwater video is a scuba based underwater sport governed by cmas where teams of competitors using digital underwater video systems all dive at the same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a two day period the submitted digital video are then assessed and ranked by a jury 22 23 governance edit the majority of the sporting disciplines listed above are governed by cmas other organisations involved in governance of underwater sports include aida international 24 and the world aquachallenge association 25 which also respectively govern freediving and underwater hockey in competition with cmas while the manitoba underwater council governs underwater football 26 as of july 2013 it is not known who governs underwater ice hockey competition at international level edit olympic games edit as of 2013 there has been no competition at an olympic games by any underwater sport even as a demonstration although the following breath hold events have been conducted as part of the swimming competition underwater swimming event at the 1900 summer olympics in paris and a plunge for distance event at the 1904 summer olympics in st louis missouri 27 during the 1950s and the 1960s various parties including the amateur athletic union of the united states and the international underwater spearfishing association lobbied for the admission of spearfishing to the olympics it is reported that in 1968 the international olympic committee ioc voted in favour of synchronized swimming over spearfishing 28 29 30 in 1999 finswimming was reported as being considered for inclusion in the 2004 summer olympics in athens greece 31 in 2002 underwater sports was one of the sports considered by the ioc for addition to the programme of the 2008 summer olympics in beijing china it and eight other sports were declined admission on the basis of 32 statistics reviewed on federation affiliation nations competing in major events and broadcast and press coverage of major events for most requested sports did not indicate a higher level of global participation and interest than sports currently in the programme and therefore could not be considered to bring additional value paralympic games edit as august 2013 there has been no paralympic competition by any underwater sport even as a demonstration citation needed world championships and world cups edit world championships and world cups sport body year established article aquathlon cmas 2009 finswimming cmas 1976 finswimming world championships freediving aida 1996 spearfishing cmas 1957 sport diving cmas 2013 underwater football muc 2015 citation needed underwater hockey cmas 1980 underwater hockey world championships underwater ice hockey not known 2007 underwater orienteering cmas 1973 underwater orienteering world championships underwater photography cmas 1985 underwater photography world championships underwater rugby cmas 1980 underwater rugby world championships underwater target shooting cmas 1999 33 underwater video cmas 2010 in 2007 cmas organised the inaugural world games for underwater sports by combining the world championships of the sports it governed into one event this ultimately failed and the 2007 event was the only one ever organised and played world games edit further information finswimming at the world games finswimming has been featured at the world games as a trend sport since the inaugural games in 1981 7 34 commonwealth games edit as of august 2013 no underwater sport has been conducted at a commonwealth games or is currently listed as an optional sport however a group of countries belonging to the commonwealth of nations has conducted at least one finswimming championship under the title of the commonwealth finswimming championships and which was held in hobart tasmania australia during february 2007 35 citation needed universiade edit finswimming became the first underwater sport to be demonstrated at an universiade with an appearance at the 27th summer universiade in july 2013 8 other multi sport events edit the following underwater sports has been offered at the following multi sport events finswimming the asian indoor games since 2005 the southeast asian games in 2009 and 2011 the bolivarian games in 2013 and the 2014 bolivarian beach games 36 citation needed 37 38 freediving 2013 bolivarian games and the 2014 bolivarian beach games 39 38 spearfishing the micronesian games since 2006 the 2013 bolivarian games and the 2014 bolivarian beach games 39 40 41 38 underwater orienteering the 1986 south american games 42 gallery edit freediver using monofin in pool competition in london 2009 freediver using monofin in depth competition location date not known two players compete for the puck at the british student nationals in bangor 2009 underwater rugby match location date not known underwater football match involving usn personnel in panama city florida on june 3 2011 see also edit championships and other international events edit finswimming at the world games trend sport at the world games finswimming world championships international event for the underwater sport of finswimming underwater hockey world championships international event for the sport of underwater hockey underwater orienteering world championships international sporting competition underwater photography world championships international event for the sport of underwater photography underwater rugby world championships international sporting competition underwater sports at the 2013 bolivarian games finswimming free diving and spearfishing events at san lorenzo island underwater hockey at the 2019...