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tes back to the early days of software engineering in june 1956 at us navy s symposium on advanced programming methods for digital computers h d benington presented the sage project it featured a specification based approach where the coding phase was followed by parameter testing to validate component subprograms against their specification followed then by an assembly testing for parts put together 3 4 in 1964 a similar approach is described for the software of the mercury project where individual units developed by different programmers underwent unit tests before being integrated together 5 in 1969 testing methodologies appear more structured with unit tests component tests and integration tests collectively validating individual parts written separately and their progressive assembly into larger blocks 6 some public standards adopted in the late 1960s such as mil std 483 7 and mil std 490 contributed further to a wide acceptance of unit testing in large projects unit testing was in those times interactive 4 or automated 8 using either coded tests or capture and replay testing tools in 1989 kent beck described a testing framework for smalltalk later called sunit in simple smalltalk testing with patterns in 1997 kent beck and erich gamma developed and released junit a unit test framework that became popular with java developers 9 google embraced automated testing around 2005 2006 10 unit edit a unit is defined as a single behaviour exhibited by the system under test sut usually corresponding to a requirement definition needed while a unit may correspond to a single function or module in procedural programming or a single method or class in object oriented programming functions methods and modules classes do not necessarily correspond to units from the system requirements perspective only the perimeter of the system is relevant thus only entry points to externally visible system behaviours define units clarification needed 11 execution edit unit tests can be performed manually or via automated test execution automated tests include benefits such as running tests often running tests without staffing cost and consistent and repeatable testing testing is often performed by the programmer who writes and modifies the code under test unit testing may be viewed as part of the process of writing code testing criteria edit during development a programmer may code criteria or results that are known to be good into the test to verify the unit s correctness 12 during test execution frameworks log tests that fail any criterion and report them in a summary for this the most commonly used approach is test function expected value test case edit this paragraph is an excerpt from test case software edit in software engineering a test case is a specification of the inputs execution conditions testing procedure and expected results that define a single test to be executed to achieve a particular software testing objective such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement 13 test cases underlie testing that is methodical rather than haphazard a battery of test cases can be built to produce the desired coverage of the software being tested formally defined test cases allow the same tests to be run repeatedly against successive versions of the software allowing for effective and consistent regression testing 14 test double edit this paragraph is an excerpt from test double edit a test double is software used in software test automation that satisfies a dependency so that the test need not depend on production code a test double provides functionality via an interface that the software under test cannot distinguish from production code parameterized test edit a parameterized test is a test that accepts a set of values that can be used to enable the test to run with multiple different input values a testing framework that supports parametrized tests supports a way to encode parameter sets and to run the test with each set use of parametrized tests can reduce test code duplication parameterized tests are supported by testng junit 15 xunit and nunit as well as in various javascript test frameworks citation needed parameters for the unit tests may be coded manually or in some cases are automatically generated by the test framework in recent years support was added for writing more powerful unit tests leveraging the concept of theories test cases that execute the same steps but using test data generated at runtime unlike regular parameterized tests that use the same execution steps with input sets that are pre defined 16 code visibility edit test code needs access to the code it is testing but testing should not compromise normal design goals such as information hiding encapsulation and the separation of concerns to enable access to code not exposed in the external api unit tests can be located in the same project or module as the code being tested in object oriented design this still may not provide access to private data and methods therefore extra work may be necessary for unit tests in java and other languages a developer can use reflection to access private fields and methods 17 alternatively an inner class can be used to hold the unit tests so they have visibility of the enclosing class s members and attributes in the net framework and some other programming languages partial classes may be used to expose private methods and data for the tests to access it is important that code solely for accommodating tests does not remain in the production code in c and other languages compiler directives such as if debug endif can be placed around such additional classes and indeed all other test related code to prevent them being compiled into the released code this means the released code is not exactly the same as what was unit tested the regular running of fewer but more comprehensive end to end integration tests on the final release build can ensure among other things that no production code exists that subtly relies on aspects of the test harness there is some debate among developers as to whether it is wise to test private methods and data anyway some argue that private members are a mere implementation detail that may change and should be allowed to do so without breaking numbers of tests thus it should be sufficient to test any class through its public interface or through its subclass interface which some languages call the protected interface 18 others say that crucial aspects of functionality may be implemented in private methods and testing them directly offers advantage of smaller and more direct unit tests 19 20 test driven development edit main article test driven development in test driven development tdd unit tests are written before the related production code is written starting with a failing test then adds just enough production code to make the test pass then refactors the code as makes sense and then repeats by adding another failing test value edit unit testing is intended to ensure that the units meet their design and behave as intended 21 by writing tests first for the smallest testable units then the compound behaviors between those one can build up comprehensive tests for complex applications 21 one goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are correct 1 a unit test provides a strict written contract that the piece of code must satisfy early detection of problems in the development cycle edit unit testing finds problems early in the development cycle this includes both bugs in the programmer s implementation and flaws or missing parts of the specification for the unit the process of writing a thorough set of tests forces the author to think through inputs outputs and error conditions and thus more crisply define the unit s desired behavior 22 reduced cost edit the cost of finding a bug before coding begins or when the code is first written is considerably lower than the cost of detecting identifying and correcting the bug later bugs in released code may also cause costly problems for the end users of the software 23 24 25 code can be impossible or difficult to unit test if poorly written thus unit testing can force developers to structure functions and objects in better ways more frequent releases edit unit testing enables more frequent releases in software development by testing individual components in isolation developers can quickly identify and address issues leading to faster iteration and release cycles 26 allows for code refactoring edit unit testing allows the programmer to refactor code or upgrade system libraries at a later date and make sure the module still works correctly e g in regression testing the procedure is to write test cases for all functions and methods so that whenever a change causes a fault it can be identified quickly detects changes which may break a design contract edit unit tests detect changes which may break a design contract reduce uncertainty edit unit testing may reduce uncertainty in the units themselves and can be used in a bottom up testing style approach by testing the parts of a program first and then testing the sum of its parts integration testing becomes much easier citation needed documentation of system behavior edit some programmers contend that unit tests provide a form of documentation of the code developers wanting to learn what functionality is provided by a unit and how to use it can review the unit tests to gain an understanding of it 27 test cases can embody characteristics that are critical to the success of the unit these characteristics can indicate appropriate inappropriate use of a unit as well as negative behaviors that are to be trapped by the unit a test case documents these critical characteristics although many software development environments do not rely solely upon code to document the product in development citation needed in some processes the act of writing tests and the code under test plus associated refactoring may take the place of formal design each unit test can be seen as a design element specifying classes methods and observable behavior 28 limitations and disadvantages edit testing will not catch every error in the program because it cannot evaluate every execution path in any but the most trivial programs this problem is a superset of the halting problem which is undecidable the same is true for unit testing additionally unit testing by definition only tests the functionality of the units themselves therefore it will not catch integration errors or broader system level errors such as functions performed across multiple units or non functional test areas such as performance unit testing should be done in conjunction with other software testing activities as they can only show the presence or absence of particular errors they cannot prove a complete absence of errors to guarantee correct behavior for every execution path and every possible input and ensure the absence of errors other techniques are required namely the application of formal methods to prove that a software component has no unexpected behavior citation needed an elaborate hierarchy of unit tests does not equal integration testing integration with peripheral units should be included in integration tests but not in unit tests citation needed integration testing typically still relies heavily on humans testing manually high level or global scope testing can be difficult to automate such that manual testing often appears faster and cheaper citation needed software testing is a combinatorial problem for example every boolean decision statement requires at least two tests one with an outcome of true and one with an outcome of false as a result for every line of code written programmers often need 3 to 5 lines of test code citation needed this obviously takes time and its investment may not be worth the effort there are problems that cannot easily be tested at all for example those that are nondeterministic or involve multiple threads in addition code for a unit test is as likely to be buggy as the code it is testing fred brooks in the mythical man month quotes never go to sea with two chronometers take one or three 29 if two chronometers contradict one cannot know which is correct difficulty in setting up realistic and useful tests edit another challenge related to writing the unit tests is the difficulty of setting up realistic and useful tests it is necessary to create relevant initial conditions so the part of the application being tested behaves like part of the complete system if these initial conditions are not set correctly the test will not be exercising the code in a realistic context which diminishes the value and accuracy of unit test results 30 requires discipline throughout the development process edit to obtain the intended benefits from unit testing rigorous discipline is needed throughout the software development process requires version control edit it is essential to keep careful records not only of the tests that have been performed but also of all changes that have been made to the source code of this or any other unit in the software use of a version control system is essential if a later version of the unit fails a particular test that it had previously passed the version control software can provide a list of the source code changes if any that have been applied to the unit since that time citation needed requires regular reviews edit it is also essential to implement a sustainable process for ensuring that test case failures are reviewed regularly and addressed immediately 31 if such a process is not implemented and ingrained into the team s workflow the application will evolve out of sync with the unit test suite increasing false positives and reducing the effectiveness of the test suite limitations for embedded system software edit unit testing embedded system software presents challenges because the software is being developed on a different platform than the one it will eventually run on making it difficult to run a test program in the actual deployment environment as is possible with desktop programs 32 limitations for testing integration with external systems edit unit tests tend to be easiest when a method has input parameters and some output it is not as easy to create unit tests when a major function of the method is to interact with something external to the application for example a method that will work with a database might require a mock up of database interactions to be created which probably won t be as comprehensive as the real database interactions 33 better source needed examples edit junit edit below is an example of a junit test suite it focuses on the adder class class adder public int add int a int b return a b the test suite uses assert statements to verify the expected result of various input values to the sum method import static or...