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universal metaphysics wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 problem of universals 2 particular 3 platonic realism 4 nominalism 5 ness ity hood principle 6 see also 7 notes 8 references 9 further reading 10 external links toggle the table of contents universal metaphysics 28 languages العربية български کوردی dansk español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français gaeilge bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 한국어 lombard lietuvių nederlands occitan português română русский simple english slovenčina svenska türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia characteristic or qualities that particular things have in common universals redirects here for other uses see universal disambiguation this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources universal metaphysics news newspapers books scholar jstor june 2022 learn how and when to remove this message in metaphysics a universal is what particular things have in common namely characteristics or qualities in other words universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things 1 for example suppose there are two chairs in a room each of which is green these two chairs share the quality of chairness as well as greenness or the quality of being green in other words they share two universals there are three major kinds of qualities or characteristics types or kinds e g mammal properties e g short strong and relations e g father of next to these are all different types of universals 2 paradigmatically universals are abstract e g humanity whereas particulars are concrete e g the personhood of socrates however universals are not necessarily abstract and particulars are not necessarily concrete 3 for example one might hold that numbers are particular yet abstract objects likewise some philosophers such as d m armstrong consider universals to be concrete most do not consider classes to be universals although some prominent philosophers do such as john bigelow problem of universals edit main article problem of universals the problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics on the existence of universals the problem arises from attempts to account for the phenomenon of similarity or attribute agreement among things 4 for example grass and granny smith apples are similar or agree in attribute namely in having the attribute of greenness the issue is how to account for this sort of agreement in attribute among things there are many philosophical positions regarding universals taking beauty as an example four positions are idealism beauty is a property constructed in the mind so it exists only in descriptions of things platonic extreme realism beauty is a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or thing aristotelian moderate realism or conceptualism beauty is a property of things fundamentum in re 5 that the mind abstracts from these beautiful things nominalism there are no universals only individuals taking a broader view the main positions are generally considered classifiable as extreme realism nominalism sometimes simply named anti realism with regard to universals 6 moderate realism and idealism extreme realists posit the existence of independent abstract universals to account for attribute agreement nominalists deny that universals exist claiming that they are not necessary to explain attribute agreement conceptualists posit that universals exist only in the mind or when conceptualized denying the independent existence of universals but accepting they have a fundamentum in re complications which arise include the implications of language use and the complexity of relating language to ontology particular edit main article particular a universal may have instances known as its particulars for example the type dog or doghood is a universal as are the property red or redness and the relation betweenness or being between any particular dog red thing or object that is between other things is not a universal however but is an instance of a universal that is a universal type doghood property redness or relation betweenness inheres in a particular object a specific dog red thing or object between other things platonic realism edit platonic realism holds universals to be the referents of general terms such as the abstract nonphysical non mental entities to which words such as sameness circularity and beauty refer particulars are the referents of proper names such as phaedo or of definite descriptions that identify single objects such as the phrase that person over there other metaphysical theories may use the terminology of universals to describe physical entities plato s examples of what we might today call universals included mathematical and geometrical ideas such as a circle and natural numbers as universals plato s views on universals did however vary across several different discussions in some cases plato spoke as if the perfect circle functioned as the form or blueprint for all copies and for the word definition of circle in other discussions plato describes particulars as participating in the associated universal contemporary realists agree with the thesis that universals are multiply exemplifiable entities examples include by d m armstrong nicholas wolterstorff reinhardt grossmann michael loux nominalism edit nominalists hold that universals are not real mind independent entities but either merely concepts sometimes called conceptualism or merely names nominalists typically argue that properties are abstract particulars like tropes rather than universals jp moreland distinguishes between extreme and moderate nominalism 7 examples of nominalists include buddhist logicians and apoha theorists 8 the medieval philosophers roscelin of compiègne and william of ockham and contemporary philosophers w v o quine wilfrid sellars d c williams and keith campbell ness ity hood principle edit the ness ity hood principle is used mainly by english speaking philosophers to generate convenient concise names for universals or properties 9 according to the ness ity hood principle a name for any universal may be formed by taking the name of the predicate and adding the suffix ness ity or hood for example the universal that is distinctive of left handers may be formed by taking the predicate left handed and adding ness which yields the name left handedness the principle is most helpful in cases where there is not an established or standard name of the universal in ordinary english usage what is the name of the universal distinctive of chairs chair in english is used not only as a subject as in the chair is broken but also as a predicate as in that is a chair so to generate a name for the universal distinctive of chairs take the predicate chair and add ness which yields chairness see also edit hypostatic abstraction philosophy of mathematics sortal transcendental nominalism the secret of hegel universality philosophy universalism notes edit price 1953 loux 1998 p 20 loux 2001 p 4 rodriguez pereyra 2008 1 loux 1998 p 20 2001 p 3 cfr georg jánoska das fundamentum in re im nominalismus in kant studien volume 55 issue 1 4 doi https doi org 10 1515 kant 1964 55 1 4 439 published online 04 sep 2009 macleod rubenstein 2006 3 moreland 2001 perrett roy w 2016 01 25 an introduction to indian philosophy 1 ed cambridge university press p 133 doi 10 1017 cbo9781139033589 isbn 978 0 521 85356 9 feldman 2005 p 25 references edit feldman fred 2005 the open question argument what it isn t and what it is philosophical issues 15 normativity loux michael j 1998 metaphysics a contemporary introduction n y routledge loux michael j 2001 the problem of universals in metaphysics contemporary readings michael j loux ed n y routledge pp 3 13 macleod m rubenstein e 2006 universals the internet encyclopedia of philosophy j fieser b dowden eds link moreland j p 2001 universals mcgill queen s university press acumen price h h 1953 universals and resemblance ch 1 of thinking and experience hutchinson s university library rodriguez pereyra gonzalo 2008 nominalism in metaphysics the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy edward n zalta ed link further reading edit aristotle categories link aristotle metaphysics link armstrong d m 1989 universals an opinionated introduction westview press link bolton m universals essences and abstract entities in d garber m ayers red the cambridge history of seventeenth century philosophy cambridge cambridge university press 1998 vol i pp 178 211 lewis d 1983 new work for a theory of universals australasian journal of philosophy vol 61 no 4 libera alain de 2005 der universalienstreit von platon bis zum ende des mittelalters münchen wilhelm fink verlag 2005 plato phaedo link plato republic esp books v vi vii and x link plato parmenides link plato sophist link quine w v o 1961 on what there is in from a logical point of view 2nd ed n y harper and row russell bertrand 1912 the world of universals in the problems of philosophy oxford university press russell bertrand 1912b on the relation of universals and particulars link swoyer chris 2000 properties the stanford encyclopedia of philosophy edward n zalta ed link williams d c 1953 on the elements of being review of metaphysics vol 17 link external links edit chrysippus stanford encyclopedia of philosophy chrysippus internet encyclopedia of philosophy v t e metaphysics theories abstract object theory action theory anti realism determinism dualism mind body dualism enactivism essentialism existentialism free will idealism libertarianism liberty materialism meaning of life monism naturalism nihilism phenomenalism physicalism pluralism realism relativism scientific realism solipsism spiritualism subjectivism substance theory theory of forms truthmaker theory type theory concepts abstract object anima mundi category of being causality causal closure cogito ergo sum concept cosmos embodied cognition entity essence existence experience hypostatic abstraction idea identity importance information data insight intelligence intention linguistic modality matter meaning mental representation mind motion nature necessity object ontology pattern perception physical object principle property qualia quality reality relation self soul subject substantial form thought time truth type token distinction universal unobservable value metaphysicians anscombe aquinas aristotle armstrong averroes avicenna baudrillard bergson berkeley boethius bolzano carnap collingwood davidson deleuze descartes dummett al ghazali hegel heidegger hume kant kierkegaard al kindi kripke laozi leibniz lewis locke lotze lucretius malebranche meinong moore mozi newton nietzsche parfit parmenides peirce plantinga plato plotinus proclus putnam quine reid russell ryle sartre schopenhauer scotus spinoza strawson suárez whitehead wittgenstein wolff more notable works sophist c 350 bc timaeus c 350 bc nyāya sūtras c 200 bc de rerum natura c 80 bc metaphysics c 50 enneads c 270 daneshnameh ye alai and al nijat c 1000 meditations on first philosophy 1641 ethics 1677 a treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge 1710 monadology 1714 critique of pure reason 1781 prolegomena to any future metaphysics 1783 the phenomenology of spirit 1807 the world as will and representation 1818 concluding unscientific postscript to philosophical fragments 1846 being and time 1927 being and nothingness 1943 simulacra and simulation 1981 related topics axiology cosmology epistemology feminist metaphysics interpretations of quantum mechanics mereology meta phenomenology philosophy of mind philosophy of psychology philosophy of self philosophy of space and time teleology category philosophy portal authority control databases international fast national united states france bnf data czech republic other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title universal_ metaphysics oldid 1344450176 categories metaphysical properties ontology abstract object theory substance theory hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from june 2022 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 20 march 2026 at 14 43 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents universal metaphysics 28 languages add topic