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universal wave function wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 role of observers 2 see also 3 references toggle the table of contents universal wave function 7 languages العربية فارسی suomi 한국어 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ português svenska edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia quantum state of the entire universe the universal wave function or the wave function of the universe is the wavefunction or quantum state of the entire universe 1 it is regarded as the basic physical entity 2 in the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics 3 4 5 6 and finds applications in quantum cosmology it evolves deterministically according to a wave equation 7 the concept of universal wave function was introduced by hugh everett iii in his 1956 phd thesis draft the theory of the universal wave function 8 it later received investigation from james hartle and stephen hawking 9 who derived the hartle hawking solution to the wheeler dewitt equation to explain the initial conditions of the big bang cosmology role of observers edit hugh everett s universal wavefunction supports the idea that observed and observer are all mixed together if we try to limit the applicability so as to exclude the measuring apparatus or in general systems of macroscopic size we are faced with the difficulty of sharply defining the region of validity for what n might a group of n particles be construed as forming a measuring device so that the quantum description fails and to draw the line at human or animal observers i e to assume that all mechanical apparata obey the usual laws but that they are not valid for living observers does violence to the so called principle of psycho physical parallelism 10 eugene wigner and john archibald wheeler take issue with this stance wigner wrote the state vector of my mind even if it were completely known would not give its impressions a translation from state vector to impressions would be necessary without such a translation the state vector would be meaningless 11 wheeler wrote one is led to recognize that a wave function encompassing the whole universe is an idealization formalistically perhaps a convenient idealization but an idealization so strained that it can be used only in part in any forecast of correlations that makes physical sense for making sense it seems essential most of all to leave the observer out of the wave function 12 see also edit heisenberg cut wave function collapse references edit everett 1956 1973 theory of the universal wavefunction introduction pg 8 9 everett 1957 section 3 2nd paragraph 1st sentence hugh everett relative state formulation of quantum mechanics reviews of modern physics vol 29 1957 pp 454 462 an abridged summary of the theory of the universal wavefunction john archibald wheeler assessment of everett s relative state formulation of quantum theory reviews of modern physics vol 29 1957 pp 463 465 bryce seligman dewitt quantum mechanics and reality physics today 23 9 pp 30 40 1970 also april 1971 letters followup bryce seligman dewitt the many universes interpretation of quantum mechanics proceedings of the international school of physics enrico fermi coursu il foundations of quantum mechanics academic press 1972 everett 1956 1973 theory of the universal wavefunction chapter 6 e bryce seligman dewitt r neill graham eds the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics princeton series in physics princeton university press 1973 isbn 0 691 08131 x contains the reprint of everett s thesis the theory of the universal wave function pp 3 140 stephen w hawking james b hartle the wave function of the universe physical review d vol 28 1983 pp 2960 2975 everett 1956 1973 theory of the universal wavefunction introduction pg 6 wigner e p 1973 epistemological perspective on quantum theory philosophical reflections and syntheses berlin heidelberg springer berlin heidelberg pp 55 71 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 78374 6_5 isbn 978 3 540 63372 3 wheeler john archibald 1977 include the observer in the wave function quantum mechanics a half century later dordrecht springer netherlands p 1 18 doi 10 1007 978 94 010 1196 9_1 isbn 978 94 010 1198 3 v t e quantum mechanics background introduction history timeline classical mechanics old quantum theory glossary fundamentals born rule bra ket notation complementarity density matrix energy level ground state excited state degenerate levels zero point energy entanglement hamiltonian interference decoherence measurement nonlocality quantum state quantum jump superposition tunnelling scattering theory symmetry in quantum mechanics uncertainty wave function collapse wave particle duality universal wave function formulations formulations heisenberg interaction matrix mechanics schrödinger path integral formulation phase space equations klein gordon dirac weyl majorana rarita schwinger pauli rydberg schrödinger interpretations bayesian consciousness causes collapse consistent histories copenhagen de broglie bohm ensemble hidden variable local superdeterminism many worlds objective collapse quantum logic relational transactional experiments bell test davisson germer delayed choice quantum eraser double slit franck hertz mach zehnder interferometer elitzur vaidman popper quantum eraser stern gerlach wheeler s delayed choice science quantum biology quantum chemistry quantum chaos quantum cosmology quantum differential calculus quantum dynamics quantum geometry quantum measurement problem quantum mind quantum stochastic calculus quantum spacetime technology quantum algorithms quantum amplifier quantum bus quantum cellular automata quantum finite automata quantum channel quantum circuit quantum complexity theory quantum computing timeline quantum cryptography quantum electronics quantum error correction quantum imaging quantum image processing quantum information quantum key distribution quantum logic quantum logic gates quantum machine quantum machine learning quantum metamaterial quantum metrology quantum network quantum neural network quantum optics quantum programming quantum sensing quantum simulator quantum teleportation extensions quantum fluctuation casimir effect quantum statistical mechanics quantum field theory history quantum gravity relativistic quantum mechanics related schrödinger s cat in popular culture wigner s friend epr paradox quantum mysticism category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title universal_wave_function oldid 1364573190 categories quantum measurement multiverse hugh everett iii hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 17 july 2026 at 08 05 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents universal wave function 7 languages add topic