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and black color in ceramic glazes and glass production edit uranium dioxide is produced by reducing uranium trioxide with hydrogen this reaction often creates triuranium octoxide as an intermediate 3 4 5 uo 3 h 2 uo 2 h 2 o at 700 c 973 k this reaction plays an important part in the creation of nuclear fuel through nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment 5 chemistry edit structure edit the solid is isostructural with has the same structure as fluorite calcium fluoride where each u is surrounded by eight o nearest neighbors in a cubic arrangement in addition the dioxides of cerium thorium and the transuranic elements from neptunium through californium have the same structures 6 no other elemental dioxides have the fluorite structure upon melting the measured average u o coordination reduces from 8 in the crystalline solid uo 8 cubes down to 6 7 0 5 at 3270 k in the melt 7 models consistent with these measurements show the melt to consist mainly of uo 6 and uo 7 polyhedral units where roughly 2 3 of the connections between polyhedra are corner sharing and 1 3 are edge sharing 7 uranium dioxide sintered uranium dioxide pellet oxidation edit uranium dioxide is oxidized in contact with oxygen to form triuranium octoxide 8 3 uo 2 o 2 u 3 o 8 at 250 c 523 k the electrochemistry of uranium dioxide has been investigated in detail as the galvanic corrosion of uranium dioxide controls the rate at which used nuclear fuel dissolves clarification needed see spent nuclear fuel for further details water increases the oxidation rate of plutonium and uranium metals 9 reaction with carbon edit uranium dioxide reacts with carbon at high temperatures forming uranium carbide and carbon monoxide 10 uo 2 4 c uc 2 2 co this process must be done under an inert gas as uranium carbide is easily oxidized back into uranium oxide uses edit nuclear fuel edit uo 2 is used mainly as nuclear fuel specifically as uo 2 or as a mixture of uo 2 and puo 2 plutonium dioxide called a mixed oxide mox fuel in the form of fuel rods in nuclear reactors 11 the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide is very low when compared with elemental uranium uranium nitride uranium carbide and zircaloy cladding material as well as most uranium based alloys 12 13 14 this low thermal conductivity can result in localised overheating in the centres of fuel pellets 15 the graph below shows the different temperature gradients in different fuel compounds for these fuels the thermal power density is the same and the diameter of all the pellets are the same citation needed the thermal conductivity of zirconium metal and uranium dioxide as a function of temperature uranium oxide fuel pellet starting material containers for uranium dioxide fuel pellet production at a plant in russia color for glass ceramic glaze edit geiger counter kit without housing audibly reacting to an orange fiestaware shard uranium oxide urania was used to color glass and ceramics prior to world war ii and until the applications of radioactivity were discovered this was its main use in 1958 the military in both the us and europe allowed its commercial use again as depleted uranium and its use began again on a more limited scale urania based ceramic glazes are dark green or black when fired in a reduction or when uo 2 is used more commonly it is used in oxidation to produce bright yellow orange and red glazes 16 orange colored fiestaware is a well known example of a product with a urania colored glaze 17 uranium glass is pale green to yellow and often has strong fluorescent properties 18 urania has also been used in formulations of enamel and porcelain 19 other uses edit prior to the realisation of the harmfulness of radiation uranium was included in false teeth and dentures as its slight fluorescence made the dentures appear more like real teeth in a variety of lighting conditions 20 depleted uo 2 duo 2 can be used as a material for radiation shielding for example ducrete is a heavy concrete material where gravel is replaced with uranium dioxide aggregate this material is investigated for use for casks for radioactive waste 21 casks can be also made of duo 2 steel cermet a composite material made of an aggregate of uranium dioxide serving as radiation shielding graphite and or silicon carbide serving as neutron radiation absorber and moderator and steel as the matrix whose high thermal conductivity allows easy removal of decay heat 22 depleted uranium dioxide can be also used as a catalyst e g for degradation of volatile organic compounds in gaseous phase oxidation of methane to methanol and removal of sulfur from petroleum it has high efficiency and long term stability when used to destroy vocs when compared with some of the commercial catalysts such as precious metals tio 2 and co 3 o 4 catalysts much research is being done in this area du being favoured for the uranium component due to its low radioactivity 23 as of 2013 the use of uranium dioxide as a material for rechargeable batteries is being investigated 24 the batteries could have a high power density and a reduction potential of 4 7 v per cell 25 uranium dioxide displays strong piezomagnetism in the antiferromagnetic state observed at cryogenic temperatures below 30 kelvins accordingly the linear magnetostriction found in uo 2 changes sign with the applied magnetic field and exhibits magnetoelastic memory switching phenomena at record high switch fields of 180 000 oe 26 the microscopic origin of the material magnetic properties lays in the face centered cubic crystal lattice symmetry of uranium atoms and its response to applied magnetic fields 27 semiconductor properties edit the band gap of uranium dioxide is comparable to those of silicon and gallium arsenide near the optimum for efficiency vs band gap curve for absorption of solar radiation suggesting its possible use for very efficient solar cells based on schottky diode structure it also absorbs at five different wavelengths including infrared further enhancing its efficiency its intrinsic conductivity at room temperature is about the same as of single crystal silicon 28 the dielectric constant of uranium dioxide is about 21 5 29 which is almost twice as high as of silicon 11 7 30 and gaas 12 4 31 this is an advantage over si and gaas in the construction of integrated circuits as it may allow higher density integration with higher breakdown voltages and with lower susceptibility to the cmos tunnelling breakdown 32 the seebeck coefficient of uranium dioxide at room temperature is about 750 μv k a value significantly higher than the 270 μv k of thallium tin telluride tl 2 snte 5 and thallium germanium telluride tl 2 gete 5 32 and the 170 μv k n type 160 μv k p type of bismuth telluride 33 other materials promising for applications like thermoelectric power generation 32 the radioactive decay impact of the 235 u and 238 u on its semiconducting properties was not measured as of 2005 update due to the slow decay rate of these isotopes it should not meaningfully influence the properties of uranium dioxide solar cells and thermoelectric devices but it may become an important factor for high performance integrated circuits use of depleted uranium oxide is necessary for this reason the capture of alpha particles emitted during radioactive decay as helium atoms in the crystal lattice may also cause gradual long term changes in its properties 32 the stoichiometry of the material dramatically influences its electrical properties for example the electrical conductivity of uo 1 994 is orders of magnitude lower at higher temperatures than the conductivity of uo 2 001 32 uranium dioxide like u 3 o 8 is a ceramic material capable of withstanding high temperatures about 2300 c in comparison with at most 200 c for silicon or gaas 32 uranium dioxide is also resistant to radiation damage 32 making it useful for special military and aerospace applications 32 a schottky diode of u 3 o 8 and a p n p transistor of uo 2 were successfully manufactured in a laboratory 34 health dangers edit uranium dioxide is dangerous in two ways heavy metal toxicity and radiation uranium dioxide decays primarily by emission of alpha particles and gamma radiation which is cumulatively dangerous to biologic organisms including animals and humans it can be severely toxic or even fatal if swallowed inhaled absorbed through the skin and eyes 35 if inhaled short term effects include irreversible kidney damage or acute necrotic arterial lesions inhalation of large particles of uranium materials or chronic exposure to uranium powders may result in radiation damage to internal tissues especially the lungs and bones long term in addition to effects from short term exposure damage may include pulmonary fibrosis and malignant pulmonary neoplasia anemia and blood disorders liver damage bone effects sterility and cancers skin contact with uranium powders may result in dermatitis if ingested it may cause kidney damage or acute necrotic arterial lesions ingestion may also affect the liver and cause radiation damage to internal tissues 35 see also edit cleveite ducrete uranium oxide uranium glass uranium tile references edit leinders gregory cardinaels thomas binnemans koen verwerft marc 2015 accurate lattice parameter measurements of stoichiometric uranium dioxide journal of nuclear materials 459 135 42 bibcode 2015jnum 459 135l doi 10 1016 j jnucmat 2015 01 029 s2cid 97183844 1 2 zumdahl steven s 2009 chemical principles 6th ed houghton mifflin company p a23 isbn 978 0 618 94690 7 a h le page a g fane 1974 the kinetics of hydrogen reduction of uo3 and u3o8 derived from ammonium diuranate journal of inorganic and nuclear chemistry 36 1 87 92 doi 10 1016 0022 1902 74 80663 9 notz k j huntington c w burkhardt w 1 july 1962 hydrogen reduction of uranium oxides a phase study by means of a controlled atmosphere diffractometer hot stage industrial engineering chemistry process design and development 1 3 213 217 doi 10 1021 i260003a010 1 2 conversion and deconversion world nuclear association 20 nov 2024 retrieved 18 mar 2025 petit l svane a szotek z temmerman w m stocks g m 2010 01 07 electronic structure and ionicity of actinide oxides from first principles physical review b 81 4 045108 arxiv 0908 1806 bibcode 2010phrvb 81d5108p doi 10 1103 physrevb 81 045108 s2cid 118365366 1 2 skinner l b benmore c j weber j k r williamson m a tamalonis a hebden a wiencek t alderman o l g guthrie m leibowitz l parise j b 2014 molten uranium dioxide structure and dynamics science 346 6212 984 7 bibcode 2014sci 346 984s doi 10 1126 science 1259709 osti 1174101 pmid 25414311 s2cid 206561628 g rousseau l desgranges f charlot n millot j c nièpce m pijolat f valdivieso g baldinozzi j f bérar 2006 a detailed study of uo2 to u3o8 oxidation phases and the associated rate limiting steps journal of nuclear materials 355 1 3 10 20 doi 10 1016 j jnucmat 2006 03 015 haschke john m allen thomas h morales luis a 2001 reactions of plutonium dioxide with water and hydrogen oxygen mixtures mechanisms for corrosion of uranium and plutonium journal of alloys and compounds 314 1 2 78 91 doi 10 1016 s0925 8388 00 01222 6 buchel gerald l 1963 equilibrium studies of the uranium dioxide carbon and neodymium sesquioxide carbon systems m s thesis michigan state university mixed oxide mox fuel world nuclear association 10 oct 2017 retrieved 11 mar 2025 peakman aiden rossiter glyn 2024 incorporation of uranium nitride fuel capability into the enigma fuel performance code model development and validation nuclear engineering and design 429 113604 bibcode 2024nuend 42913604p doi 10 1016 j nucengdes 2024 113604 issn 0029 5493 dr celine hin thermal conductivity of metallic uranium u s department of energy office of scientific and technical information retrieved 18 mar 2025 r r hammer september 1967 zircaloy 4 uranium dioxide and materials formed by their interaction a literature review with extrapolation of physical properties to high temperatures u s department of energy office of scientific and technical information idaho nuclear corporation retrieved 18 mar 2025 thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide nuclear power retrieved 18 mar 2025 örtel stefan uran in der keramik geschichte technik hersteller radon health and natural hazards editors g k gillmore f e perrier r g m crockett pp 50 52 2018 geological society of london isbn 1786203081 9781786203083 google books amber davis 22 jan 2025 a glowing review of uranium glass orau then now oak ridge associated universities donna strahan 19 jul 2013 uranium in glass glazes and enamels history identification and handling studies in conservation 46 3 181 195 doi 10 1179 sic 2001 46 3 181 toor r s s brar g s 2012 uranium a dentist s perspective journal of international society of preventive and community dentistry 2 1 1 7 doi 10 4103 2231 0762 103447 pmc 3894091 pmid 24478959 lessing paul a 1 mar 1995 development of ducrete report idaho national engineering laboratory doi 10 2172 366558 osti 366558 forsberg charles w swaney paul m tiegs terry n characteristics and fabrication of cermet spent nuclear fuel casks ceramic particles embedded in steel conference 14th international symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials patram 2004 https www osti gov etdeweb servlets purl 20773271 hutchings graham j heneghan catherine s hudson ian d taylor stuart h 1996 uranium oxide based catalysts for the destruction of volatile chloro organic compounds nature 384 6607 341 3 bibcode 1996natur 384 341h doi 10 1038 384341a0 s2cid 4299921 wu binbin yu jianguo 10 jun 2013 from used oxide nuclear fuel to rechargeable battery a first principles study mrs proceedings 1541 doi 10 1557 opl 2013 732 dunbar paul lee desautels rhonda initial development of a depleted uranium battery university of kentucky jaime marcelo saul andres salamon myron b zapf vivien harrison neil durakiewicz tomasz lashley jason c andersson david a stanek christopher r smith james l gofryk krysztof 2017 piezomagnetism and magnetoelastic memory in uranium dioxide nature communications 8 1 99 bibcode 2017natco 8 99j doi 10 1038 s41467 017 00096 4 pmc 5524652 pmid 28740123 antonio daniel j weiss joel t shanks katherine s ruff jacob p c jaime marcelo saul andres swinburne thomas salamon myron b lavina barbara koury daniel gruner sol m andersson david a stanek christopher r durakiewicz tomasz smith james l islam zahir gofryk krysztof 2021 piezomagnetic switching and complex phase equilibria in uranium dioxide communications materials 2 1 17 arxiv 2104 06340 bibcode 2021comat 2 17a doi 10 1038 s43246 021 00121 6 s2cid 231812027 an yong q taylor antoinette j conradson steven d trugman stuart a durakiewicz tomasz rodriguez george 2011 ultrafast hopping dynamics of 5 f electrons in the mott insulator uo 2 studied by femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy physical review letters 106 20 207402 bibcode 2011phrvl 106t7402a doi 10 1103 physrevlett 106 207402 pmid 21668262 hampton r n saunders g a ha...