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s an amorphous uranium trioxide which on heating to 400 450 c will form alpha uranium trioxide 3 it has been stated that the presence of nitrate will lower the temperature at which the exothermic change from the amorphous form to the alpha form occurs 14 beta edit the β beta uo 3 form this solid contains multiple unique uranium sites and distorted polyhedra this form can be formed by heating ammonium diuranate while p c debets and b o loopstra found four solid phases in the uo 3 h 2 o nh 3 system that they could all be considered as being uo 2 oh 2 h 2 o where some of the water has been replaced with ammonia 15 16 it was found that calcination at 500 c in air forms the beta form of uranium trioxide 3 later experiments found the most reliable method for synthesizing pure β uo 3 was to calcinate uranyl nitrate hexahydrate at 450 c for 6 days and cool slowly over 24 hours 17 gamma edit the γ gamma form with the different uranium environments in green and yellow the most frequently encountered polymorph is γ uo 3 whose x ray structure has been solved from powder diffraction data the compound crystallizes in the space group i4 1 amd with two uranium atoms in the asymmetric unit both are surrounded by somewhat distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms one uranium atom has two closer and four more distant oxygen atoms whereas the other has four close and two more distant oxygen atoms as neighbors thus it is not incorrect to describe the structure as uo 2 2 uo 4 2 that is uranyl uranate 18 the environment of the uranium atoms shown as yellow in the gamma form the chains of u 2 o 2 rings in the gamma form in layers alternate layers running at 90 degrees to each other these chains are shown as containing the yellow uranium atoms in an octahedral environment which are distorted towards square planar by an elongation of the axial oxygen uranium bonds delta edit the delta δ form is a cubic solid where the oxygen atoms are arranged between the uranium atoms 19 epsilon edit the proposed crystal structure of the epsilon ε form consists of sheets of uranium hexagonal bipyramids connected through edge sharing polyhedra these sheets are connected through the axial uranyl oxygen atoms the proposed structure is in the triclinic p 1 space group 20 high pressure form edit there is a high pressure solid form with u 2 o 2 and u 3 o 3 rings in it 21 22 hydrates edit hydrous and anhydrous forms of uo 3 anhydrous forms of uo 3 several hydrates of uranium trioxide are known e g uo 3 6h 2 o which are commonly known as uranic acid in older literature due to their similarity in formula to various metal oxyacids although they are not in fact particularly acidic 3 molecular forms edit while uranium trioxide is encountered as a polymeric solid under ambient conditions some work has been done on the molecular form in the gas phase in matrix isolations studies and computationally gas phase edit at elevated temperatures gaseous uo 3 is in equilibrium with solid u 3 o 8 and molecular oxygen 2 u 3 o 8 s o 2 g 6 uo 3 g with increasing temperature the equilibrium is shifted to the right this system has been studied at temperatures between 900 c and 2500 c the vapor pressure of monomeric uo 3 in equilibrium with air and solid u 3 o 8 at ambient pressure about 10 5 mbar 1 mpa at 980 c rising to 0 1 mbar 10 pa at 1400 c 0 34 mbar 34 pa at 2100 c 1 9 mbar 193 pa at 2300 c and 8 1 mbar 809 pa at 2500 c 23 24 matrix isolation edit infrared spectroscopy of molecular uo 3 isolated in an argon matrix indicates a t shaped structure point group c 2v for the molecule this is in contrast to the commonly encountered d 3h molecular symmetry exhibited by most trioxides from the force constants the authors deduct the u o bond lengths to be between 1 76 and 1 79 å 176 to 179 pm 25 computational study edit the calculated geometry of molecular uranium trioxide has c 2v symmetry calculations predict that the point group of molecular uo 3 is c 2v with an axial bond length of 1 75 å an equatorial bond length of 1 83 å and an angle of 161 between the axial oxygens the more symmetrical d 3h species is a saddle point 49 kj mol above the c 2v minimum the authors invoke a second order jahn teller effect as explanation 26 cubic form of uranium trioxide edit the crystal structure of a uranium trioxide phase of composition uo 2 82 has been determined by x ray powder diffraction techniques using a guinier type focusing camera the unit cell is cubic with a 4 138 0 005 kx a uranium atom is located at 000 and oxygens at view the mathml source view the mathml source and view the mathml source with some anion vacancies the compound is isostructural with reo 3 the u o bond distance of 2 073 å agrees with that predicted by zachariasen for a bond strength s 1 27 reactivity edit uranium trioxide reacts at 400 c with freon 12 to form chlorine phosgene carbon dioxide and uranium tetrafluoride the freon 12 can be replaced with freon 11 which forms carbon tetrachloride instead of carbon dioxide this is a case of a hard perhalogenated freon which is normally considered to be inert being converted chemically at a moderate temperature 28 2 cf 2 cl 2 uo 3 uf 4 co 2 cocl 2 cl 2 4 cfcl 3 uo 3 uf 4 3 cocl 2 ccl 4 cl 2 uranium trioxide can be dissolved in a mixture of tributyl phosphate and thenoyltrifluoroacetone in supercritical carbon dioxide ultrasound was employed during the dissolution 29 electrochemical modification edit the reversible insertion of magnesium cations into the lattice of uranium trioxide by cyclic voltammetry using a graphite electrode modified with microscopic particles of the uranium oxide has been investigated this experiment has also been done for u 3 o 8 this is an example of electrochemistry of a solid modified electrode the experiment which used for uranium trioxide is related to a carbon paste electrode experiment it is also possible to reduce uranium trioxide with sodium metal to form sodium uranium oxides 30 it has been the case that it is possible to insert lithium 31 32 33 into the uranium trioxide lattice by electrochemical means this is similar to the way that some rechargeable lithium ion batteries work in these rechargeable cells one of the electrodes is a metal oxide which contains a metal such as cobalt which can be reduced to maintain the electroneutrality for each electron which is added to the electrode material a lithium ion enters the lattice of this oxide electrode amphoterism and reactivity to form related uranium vi anions and cations edit uranium oxide is amphoteric and reacts as acid and as a base depending on the conditions as an acid edit uo 3 h 2 o uo 2 4 2 h dissolving uranium oxide in a strong base like sodium hydroxide forms the doubly negatively charged uranate anion uo 2 4 uranates tend to concatenate forming diuranate u 2 o 2 7 or other poly uranates important diuranates include ammonium diuranate nh 4 2 u 2 o 7 sodium diuranate na 2 u 2 o 7 and magnesium diuranate mgu 2 o 7 which forms part of some yellowcakes it is worth noting that uranates of the form m 2 uo 4 do not contain uo 2 4 ions but rather flattened uo 6 octahedra containing a uranyl group and bridging oxygens 34 as a base edit uo 3 h 2 o uo 2 2 2 oh dissolving uranium oxide in a strong acid like sulfuric or nitric acid forms the double positive charged uranyl cation the uranyl nitrate formed uo 2 no 3 2 6h 2 o is soluble in ethers alcohols ketones and esters for example tributylphosphate this solubility is used to separate uranium from other elements in nuclear reprocessing which begins with the dissolution of nuclear fuel rods in nitric acid to form this salt the uranyl nitrate is then converted to uranium trioxide by heating from nitric acid one obtains uranyl nitrate trans uo 2 no 3 2 2h 2 o consisting of eight coordinated uranium with two bidentate nitrato ligands and two water ligands as well as the familiar o u o core uranium oxides in ceramics edit uo 3 based ceramics become green or black when fired in a reducing atmosphere and yellow to orange when fired with oxygen orange coloured fiestaware is a well known example of a product with a uranium based glaze uo 3 has also been used in formulations of enamel uranium glass and porcelain prior to 1960 uo 3 was used as an agent of crystallization in crystalline coloured glazes it is possible to determine with a geiger counter if a glaze or glass was made from uo 3 references edit 1 2 zumdahl ss 2009 chemical principles 6th ed houghton mifflin company p a23 isbn 978 0 618 94690 7 sheft i fried s davidson n 1950 preparation of uranium trioxide journal of the american chemical society 72 5 2172 2173 bibcode 1950jachs 72 2172s doi 10 1021 ja01161a082 1 2 3 4 wheeler vj dell rm wait e 1964 uranium trioxide and the uo 3 hydrates journal of inorganic and nuclear chemistry 26 11 1829 1845 doi 10 1016 0022 1902 64 80007 5 dell rm wheeler vj 1962 chemical reactivity of uranium trioxide part 1 conversion to u 3 o 8 uo 2 and uf 4 transactions of the faraday society 58 1590 1607 doi 10 1039 tf9625801590 trueman er black s read d hodson me 2003 alteration of depleted uranium metal goldschmidt conference abstracts p a493 abstract guo x szenknect s mesbah a labs s clavier n poinssot c ushakov sv curtius h bosbach d rodney rc burns p navrotsky a 2015 thermodynamics of formation of coffinite usio4 proc natl acad sci usa 112 21 6551 6555 bibcode 2015pnas 112 6551g doi 10 1073 pnas 1507441112 pmc 4450415 pmid 25964321 schoepite webmineral com retrieved on 2011 07 19 weck p f kim e jove colon c f sassani d c 2012 structures of uranyl peroxide hydrates a first principles study of studtite and metastudtite dalton trans 111 41 9748 52 doi 10 1039 c2dt31242e pmid 22763414 guo x ushakov sv labs s curtius h bosbach d navrotsky a 2015 energetics of metastudtite and implications for nuclear waste alteration proc natl acad sci usa 111 20 17737 17742 doi 10 1073 pnas 1421144111 pmc 4273415 pmid 25422465 ander l smith b 2002 annexe f groundwater transport modelling archived 2007 11 12 at the wayback machine the health hazards of depleted uranium munitions part ii london the royal society smith b 2002 annexe g corrosion of du and du alloys a brief discussion and review archived 2007 11 12 at the wayback machine the health hazards of depleted uranium munitions part ii london the royal society morrow pe gibb fr beiter hd 1972 inhalation studies of uranium trioxide health physics 23 3 273 280 doi 10 1097 00004032 197209000 00001 pmid 4642950 s2cid 39514654 abstract sutton m burastero sr 2004 uranium vi solubility and speciation in simulated elemental human biological fluids chemical research in toxicology 17 11 1468 1480 doi 10 1021 tx049878k pmid 15540945 sato t 1963 preparation of uranium peroxide hydrates journal of applied chemistry 13 8 361 365 doi 10 1002 jctb 5010130807 debets pc loopstra bo 1963 on the uranates of ammonium ii x ray investigation of the compounds in the system nh 3 uo 3 h 2 o journal of inorganic and nuclear chemistry 25 8 945 953 doi 10 1016 0022 1902 63 80027 5 debets pc 1966 the structure of β uo3 acta crystallographica 21 4 589 593 bibcode 1966accry 21 589d doi 10 1107 s0365110x66003505 spano t shields a barth b gruidl j niedziela j kapsimalis r miskowiec a 2020 computationally guided investigation of the optical spectra of pure β uo3 inorganic chemistry 59 16 11481 11492 doi 10 1021 acs inorgchem 0c01279 osti 1649257 pmid 32706579 s2cid 220746556 engmann r de wolff pm 1963 the crystal structure of γ uo 3 pdf acta crystallographica 16 10 993 996 doi 10 1107 s0365110x63002656 m t weller p g dickens d j penny 1988 the structure of δ uo 3 polyhedron 7 3 243 244 doi 10 1016 s0277 5387 00 80559 8 spano t hunt r kapsimalis r niedziela j shields a miskowiec a 2022 optical vibrational spectra and proposed crystal structure of ε uo3 journal of nuclear materials 559 153386 doi 10 1016 j jnucmat 2021 153386 osti 1843704 s2cid 244423124 siegel s hoekstra hr sherry e 1966 the crystal structure of high pressure uo 3 acta crystallographica 20 2 292 295 bibcode 1966accry 20 292s doi 10 1107 s0365110x66000562 gmelin handbuch 1982 u c1 129 135 ackermann rj gilles pw thorn rj 1956 high temperature thermodynamic properties of uranium dioxide journal of chemical physics 25 6 1089 bibcode 1956jchph 25 1089a doi 10 1063 1 1743156 alexander ca 2005 volatilization of urania under strongly oxidizing conditions journal of nuclear materials 346 2 3 312 318 bibcode 2005jnum 346 312a doi 10 1016 j jnucmat 2005 07 013 gabelnick sd reedy gt chasanov mg 1973 infrared spectra of matrix isolated uranium oxide species ii spectral interpretation and structure of uo 3 journal of chemical physics 59 12 6397 6404 bibcode 1973jchph 59 6397g doi 10 1063 1 1680018 pyykkö p li j 1994 quasirelativistic pseudopotential study of species isoelectronic to uranyl and the equatorial coordination of uranyl journal of physical chemistry 98 18 4809 4813 doi 10 1021 j100069a007 wait e 1955 a cubic form of uranium trioxide journal of inorganic and nuclear chemistry 1 4 5 309 312 doi 10 1016 0022 1902 55 80036 x booth hs krasny ergen w heath re 1946 uranium tetrafluoride journal of the american chemical society 68 10 1969 1970 bibcode 1946jachs 68 1969b doi 10 1021 ja01214a028 trofimov ti samsonov md lee sc myasoedov bf wai cm 2001 dissolution of uranium oxides in supercritical carbon dioxide containing tri n butyl phosphate and thenoyltrifluoroacetone mendeleev communications 11 4 129 130 doi 10 1070 mc2001v011n04abeh001468 dueber re 1992 investigation of the mechanism of formation of insertion compounds of uranium oxides by voltammetric reduction of the solid phase after mechanical transfer to a carbon electrode journal of the electrochemical society 139 9 2363 2371 bibcode 1992jels 139 2363d doi 10 1149 1 2221232 dickens pg lawrence sd penny dj powell av 1989 insertion compounds of uranium oxides solid state ionics 32 33 77 83 doi 10 1016 0167 2738 89 90205 1 dickens pg hawke sv weller mt 1985 lithium insertion into αuo 3 and u 3 o 8 materials research bulletin 20 6 635 641 doi 10 1016 0025 5408 85 90141 2 dickens pg hawke sv weller mt 1984 hydrogen insertion compounds of uo 3 materials research bulletin 19 5 543 547 doi 10 1016 0025 5408 84 90120 x cotton s 1991 lanthanides and actinides new york oxford university press p 128 isbn 978 0 19 507366 9 v t e uranium compounds u ii ub 2 us u iii uf 3 ucl 3 ubr 3 ui 3 up u oh 3 uh 3 un organouranium iii compounds u c 5 h 5 3 u iv u bh 4 4 uc ucl 4 uf 4 nh 4 2 uf 6 ubr 4 ui 4 uo 2 u oh 4 uh 4 usi 2 us 2 use 2 ute 2 u so 4 2 organouranium iv compounds u c 8 h 8 2 u c 5 h 5 4 u c 5 h 5 3 cl u iv v u 2 n 3 u 4 o 9 u 3 o 7 u v ucl 5 uf 5 ubr 5 ui 5 u 2 o 5 u v vi u 3 o 8 u vi nh 4 2 u 2 o 7 na 2 u 2 o 7 mgu 2 o 7 ucl 6 uf 6 uo 3 un 2 uranyl compounds na 4 uo 2 co 3 3 u 2 o 7 uo 4 uo 2 ch 3 coo 2 uo 2 cho 2 2 uo 2 co 3 uo 2 c 2 o 4 uo 2 co 3 2 nh 4 2 co 3 uo 2 br 2 uo 2 cl 2 uo 2 f 2 uo 2 i 2 uo 2 no 3 2 uo 2 oh 2 uo 2 2 oh 4 uo 2 po 3 2 uo 2 clo 4 2 uo 2 so ...