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wide urbanization continues as more people move to the cities in search of work business tends to follow suit thus cities will develop the need for new infrastructures such as schools hospitals and various public facilities the development of these types of soft infrastructure can lead to a positive impact on the residents for instance soft infrastructure can promote economic growth through allowing its residents to specialize in different areas of expertise the diversification of careers within the urban population can increase the economic flow within the urban area human interactions within urban environments edit the development of soft infrastructure within urban areas provide people with ways to connect with one another as a community as well as ways to seek support services 17 community infrastructure includes areas and services that allow human beings to interact with one another such interactions can be facilitated through health services educational institutions outreach centers and community groups human interactions with their urban environments can lead to both positive and negative effects humans depend on their environment in order to get essential resources such as good air quality food and shelter this natural environmental dependence can lead to the over exploitation of natural resources as the need for such resources increase humans can also modify their environment in order to meet their goals for instance humans can clear land or agriculture in order to develop urbanized buildings such as commercial skyscrapers and public housing the clearing of land to pave the way for urbanization can lead to negative environmental impacts such as deforestation decreased air quality and wild life displacement social and political flow within urban environments edit as populations within cities grew over the years the need to create forms of local government emerged to maintain order within developing cities politicians are elected to address environmental and societal issues within the population for instance the influence of local and state political dynamics plays an important role in how actions are taken place to combat climate change and housing issues research interest edit urban geographers are primarily concerned with the ways in which cities and towns are constructed governed and experienced alongside neighboring disciplines such as urban anthropology urban planning and urban sociology urban geography mostly investigates the impact of urban processes on the earth s surface s social and physical structures urban geographical research can be part of both human geography and physical geography the two fundamental aspects of cities and towns from the geographic perspective are 18 location systems of cities spatial distribution and the complex patterns of movement flows and linkages that bind them in space and urban structure cities as systems study of patterns of distribution and interaction within cities from quantitative qualitative structural and behavioral perspectives impact of urban geography edit environmental impact edit the environment of urban areas is developed through the concept of urbanization urbanization is the transition from rural town structured communities to urban city structured communities this transition is because humans are pulled to cities because of jobs and even welfare in cities problems will arise such as environmental degradation the increasing population can lead to poor air quality and quality and availability of water the growth of urbanization can lead to more use of energy which leads to air pollution and can impact human health flash flooding is another environmental hazard that can occur due to urban development the concept of urbanization plays an important role in the study of urban geography because it involves the formation of urban infrastructures such as sanitation sewage systems and the distribution of electricity and gas societal impact edit the migration form rural to urbanized areas is fueled by their search for jobs education and social welfare there are trends in urbanization that are influenced by push and pull factors the push factors include the increasingly high growth of rural areas which leads many people to migrate to the cities in search of better livelihood opportunities a good quality of life and a higher standard of living people are forced to leave their rural homes and move to various cities because of various factors such as low agricultural productivity poverty and food insecurity in addition to the push factors there are also the pull factors which pull people to cities for better opportunities better education proper public health facilities and also entertainment which offers employment opportunities the gentrification of urban environments leads to an increase in income gaps racial inequality and displacement within metropolitan areas the negative environmental impacts of urbanization disproportionately effects minority low income areas more than higher income communities 19 climate impact edit the increasing demand for new building infrastructure within densely populated cities resulted in an increase in air pollution due to the high energy usage within these urban areas the increasing energy use leads to an increase in heat emissions which results in global warming 20 cities are a key contributor to climate change because urban activities are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions it was estimated that cities are responsible for about 75 of global carbon dioxide emissions with the inclusion of transportation and buildings being the largest contributor 21 in order to combat the negative environmental impacts urbanization many modern cities develop environmentally conscious infrastructure for instance the implementation of public transportation such as train and bus systems help to lessen the use of cars within cities the use of solar energy can also be found in many commercial and residential buildings which helps to lessen the reliance on non renewable energy resources biodiversity impact edit urbanization has a great impact on biodiversity as cities develop vital habitats are destroyed or fragmented into patches which leads to them not being big enough to support complex ecological communities in cities species can become endangered or locally extinct the human population is the main contributor to the expansion of urban areas as urban areas grow from increasing human population and from migration this can result in deforestation habitat loss and extraction of freshwater from the environment which can decrease biodiversity and alter the species ranges and interaction some additional cause and effect relationships between urban geography and ecosystems include habitat loss which decreases the species populations ranges and interaction among organisms the life cycles and traits can help species survive and reproduce in disturbed ecosystems the paving of land with concrete can increase water runoff increase erosion and soil quality can also decrease notable urban geographers and urbanists edit ash amin mike batty walter benjamin anne buttimer michel de certeau tim cresswell mike davis friedrich engels matthew gandy peter hall urbanist milton santos david harvey jane jacobs henri lefebvre david ley peter marcuse doreen massey don mitchell aihwa ong gillian rose geographer ananya roy neil smith geographer allen j scott edward w soja michael storper fulong wu akin mabogunje loretta lees see also edit arbia s law of geography chicago school sociology commuter town concepts and techniques in modern geography garden city movement gentrification index of urban studies articles infrastructure municipal or urban engineering rural sociology settlement geography tobler s first law of geography tobler s second law of geography urban agriculture urban area urban ecology urban economics urban field urban sociology urban studies urban vitality portal geography references edit soja edward w taking space personally in the spatial turn pp 27 51 routledge 2008 buttimer anne social space in interdisciplinary perspective geographical review 59 no 3 1969 417 26 doi 10 2307 213485 hall peter cities of tomorrow oxford blackwell publishers 1988 engels friedrich the condition of the working class in england in 1844 london allen and unwin 1892 carter 1995 pp 1 4 kaplan et al 2004 p 4 the first half of the 20th century saw the gradual emergence of the field of urban geography which was based on several fundamental concepts developed by a limited number of scholars the first courses in urban geography were not taught until the 1940s by chauncy harris the father of urban geography at indiana university and by edward ullman at harvard university the second half of the 20th century then witnessed the development of urban geography as a major substantive subdiscipline in geography at the dawn of the 21st century only the technical field of geographic information sciences had more members in the leading and largest professional geography society the association of american geographers aag than the urban geography group did g m lappo n v petrov urban geography in the soviet union and the united states lanham maryland rowman littlefield 1992 isbn 0 8476 7568 8 pp 15 20 kaplan et al 2004 pp 8 11 kaplan et al 2004 p 11 14 smith robert h t 1965 01 01 method and purpose in functional town classification annals of the association of american geographers 55 3 539 548 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8306 1965 tb00534 x jstor 2561571 see duncan otis dudley and albert j reiss social characteristics of urban and rural communities 1950 1956 carter 1995 p 17 this latter fact emphasizes that the most conspicuous feature of today s accelerated world population growth is its even greater rapidity of urbanization in many periods of history populations have grown but the tempo and dimensions of recent years have never been equalled united nations 1969 it follows that urbanization is the predominant process in the spatial organization of the world s population and it is this which makes its geographical study an imperative and perhaps puts the niceties of definition into proper perspective reu junqueira juliana serrao neumann silvia white iain 2022 12 01 using green infrastructure as a social equity approach to reduce flood risks and address climate change impacts a comparison of performance between cities and towns cities 131 104051 doi 10 1016 j cities 2022 104051 hdl 10289 15328 s2cid 253179255 marques piatã silva andrey santos quaresma yane manna luisa resende de magalhães neto newton mazzoni rosana 2021 09 01 home gardens can be more important than other urban green infrastructure for mental well being during covid 19 pandemics urban forestry urban greening 64 127268 doi 10 1016 j ufug 2021 127268 issn 1618 8667 pmc 8414053 pmid 34493938 68 of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050 says un un desa united nations department of economic and social affairs www un org retrieved 2022 10 25 creutzig felix baiocchi giovanni bierkandt robert pichler peter paul seto karen c 2015 05 19 global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge proceedings of the national academy of sciences 112 20 6283 6288 bibcode 2015pnas 112 6283c doi 10 1073 pnas 1315545112 issn 0027 8424 pmc 4443311 pmid 25583508 dyer mark dyer rachel weng min hsien wu shaoqun grey thomas gleeson richard ferrari tomás garcía 2019 12 01 framework for soft and hard city infrastructures proceedings of the institution of civil engineers urban design and planning 172 6 219 227 doi 10 1680 jurdp 19 00021 hdl 10289 15706 issn 1755 0793 s2cid 209056612 carter 1995 p 5 7 the two main themes of study introduced at the outset the town as a distributed feature and the town as a feature with internal structure or in other words the town in area and the town as area meng qingmin 2022 11 01 a new simple method to test and map environmental inequality urban hazards disproportionately affect minorities land use policy 122 106384 doi 10 1016 j landusepol 2022 106384 s2cid 252610843 mirza shahid niwalkar amol anjum saima bherwani hemant singh anju kumar rakesh 2022 06 16 studying impact of infrastructure development on urban microclimate integrated multiparameter analysis using openfoam energy nexus 6 100060 doi 10 1016 j nexus 2022 100060 s2cid 247811770 environment u n 2017 09 26 cities and climate change unep un environment programme retrieved 2022 11 26 external links edit urban geography at wikipedia s sister projects definitions from wiktionary media from commons quotations from wikiquote texts from wikisource textbooks from wikibooks resources from wikiversity data from wikidata imagining urban futures archived 2019 09 25 at the wayback machine social and spatial inequalities archived 2018 03 29 at the wayback machine urban geography specialty group of the association of american 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