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rials for winter use ute in the western part of their territory lived in wickiups and ramadas hide tipis were used in the eastern reaches of their territory 1 4 utes on horseback in the 1890s ute wickiup used in the western regions tipis painted by george catlin who visited a number of tribes in the 1830s and recorded native american daily life as a result of american westward expansion the utes now possess only a small fraction of the land that they once traveled seasonally the ute people consist of three populations of people colorado plateau ute indian tribe of the uintah and ouray reservation near fort duchesne in northeastern utah the southern ute live on a reservation in southwestern colorado near ignacio the ute mountain ute tribe headquartered in towaoc colorado the subjects of this article 1 colonial spain in america edit the mesa verde region the present day area containing the ute mountain ute tribe reservation and the mesa verde national park was the northernmost edge of the colonial territory of spain initial exploration of the american southwest by the spanish occurred in 1540 but spaniards didn t settle into present day new mexico until 1598 they established their first capital near the pueblo of ohkay owingeh which they renamed san juan de los caballeros 5 in 1626 an account was taken of the utes by a spanish scribe in new mexico 6 about 1640 the utes began trading with the spanish for horses spanish traders followed trails to ute villages and utes traveled to new mexican towns the utes brought buckskin dried meats furs and slaves to exchange for horses knives and blankets 7 spanish officials negotiate the first peace treaty with the utes in 1670 6 in search of gold juan de rivera made three expeditions between 1761 and 1765 from taos through southwestern colorado to the gunnison river he did not return with gold but did establish trade with utes and other native americans along the gunnison river 7 on july 29 1776 two franciscan priests francisco atanasio domínguez and silvestre vélez de escalante and eight men left santa fe to conduct an expedition through ute territory to find a route to spanish missions in california they traveled through western colorado and utah documenting the lush mountainous land filled with game and timber strange ruins of stone cities and villages and rivers showing signs of precious metals beset by hunger and illness the men turned back at salt lake valley and returned to santa fe 6 8 the maps and information provided from the expedition provided useful information for future travel and their route from santa fe to the salt lake valley became known as the old spanish trail 7 domínguez and escalante route 1776 mural of fathers dominguez and escalante utah state capital building old spanish trail trade route ute mountain of the sleeping ute mountain range map of ute mountain ute southern ute and navajo reservations in southern colorado and northern new mexico the adams onís treaty of 1819 established an official boundary line between spanish and united states possessions in the southwest spanish territory included the southern plains a large part of the western rocky mountains and the entire western plateau region of colorado even with the boundary the spanish did little to maintain their northern borders 7 when mexico gained its independence from spain the spanish lands became mexican land 6 american westward expansion edit american fur trappers headed into the western frontier in 1811 and encountered the utes the santa fe trail was opened in 1821 by william bucknell passage of goods through ute territory became common william bent and ceran st vrain complete bent s fort in 1834 on the arkansas river a trading stop along the santa fe trail 6 in 1848 the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo ends the mexican american war and new mexico and southern colorado are ceded to the united states the next year the first united states treaty is made with utes made at abiquiú new mexico utes acknowledge united states authority and the united states agrees to pay the utes 5 000 per year to keep the peace 6 americans recruited southern utes to aid them in conflicts with the navajos which the ute saw as an economic need in 1868 both the navajo and ute tribes were removed to reservations 1 as more americans moved into the western frontier conflicts arose with the establishment of forts reduction in land and access to ancient hunting and gathering grounds and significant reduction in the ute population from disease and malnutrition 6 in 1868 utes are confined to western third of colorado territory by treaty in 1873 the gold and silver rush occurred in san juan mountains the utes cede the san juan mining area to the united states it is one fourth of their remaining lands 6 in the 1870s utes were pushed to the western part of the state of colorado and held just a small portion of their land in utah 4 between 1859 and 1879 the ute population fell from 8 000 to 2 000 due to disease and diminished hunting grounds 6 colorado mineral belt in 1880 a year after the meeker massacre a ute delegation including chief ouray went to washington d c to negotiate a treaty in 1888 the united states takes more ute lands paying 50 000 to be divided among the southern utes in 1895 the hunter act repeals 1888 treaties and establishes permanent reservation as outlined by 1880 treaties the following year land allotments are distributed to southern utes 6 the tribe moved to the western end of the southern ute reservation in 1897 they were led by chief ignacio for whom the eastern capital is named in 1906 an agreement was made to trade utes out of mesa verde national park for land on utah border 2 in 1905 the u s government allotted new reservations with 80 to 160 acre plats for farming and access to communal grazing areas this reduced the ute land holdings by more than 85 limited water access and limited the viability of successful livestock ranching the remainder of the land was opened for white entry 1 in 1918 the consolidated ute indian reservation is established 6 by 1934 a reservation is established in southwestern colorado for southern utes an arid desolate strip of land 15 by 100 6 or 110 miles 1 in 1937 the restoration act returns 222 000 acres to southern utes 30 000 acres were returned to ute mountain utes in 1938 the u s court of claims awards the confederated bands of colorado and utah almost 32 million in 1950 6 tribal government edit the ute mountain ute tribal office complex the ute mountain utes adopted a constitution in 1940 in 1990 the tribe had 1 262 enrolled members 2 reservation edit ute mountain ute indian reservation the ute mountain ute indian reservation 37 06 14 n 108 39 46 w 37 10389 n 108 66278 w 37 10389 108 66278 is located in southwestern colorado and northwestern new mexico consisting of 553 008 acres belonging to the ute mountain ute tribe but held in trust by the u s government the reservation is located in the counties of montezuma and la plata in colorado and san juan county new mexico there are also individually owned lands at allen canyon and white mesa totally 8 499 acres 3 439 ha and 40 acres 16 ha of school property in san juan county utah 9 most of the people on the reservation live in the town of towaoc which is also the site of the ute mountain indian agency 9 the elevation of the reservation varies from about 4 600 feet 1 400 m along the san juan river near four corners to about 9 977 feet 3 041 m at the peak of the ute mountain the reservation lands consist of sleeping ute mountain the mancos river and canyons a high mesas and semi desert grassland u s highways 160 and 491 and state highways 41 and 789 cross the reservation in addition there are two maintained gravel roads one that follows the mancos river canyon and another from towaoc to the cache oilfield and aneth utah and off road trails 9 the population was 1 687 as of the 2000 census 10 ute mountain tribal park edit eagle s nest pueblo in ute mountain tribal park the ute mountain tribal park part of the ute mountain ute indian reservation is approximately 125 000 acres 51 000 ha of land along the mancos river hundreds of surface sites cliff dwellings petroglyphs and wall paintings of ancestral puebloan and ute cultures are preserved in the park native american ute tour guides provide background information about the people culture and history who lived in the park lands national geographic traveler chose it as one of 80 world destinations for travel in the 21st century one of only 9 places selected in the united states 11 notable people edit in 1880 chief ouray went to washington d c as part of the ute delegation to negotiate a treaty he made it to washington but died that year at 47 years of age chief jack house the last traditional chief of the utes died in 1971 6 from left to right chief ignacio of the southern utes carl shurz u s secretary of the interior chief ouray and his wife chipeta woretsiz and general charles adams colorado indian agent are standing taken in washington d c in 1880 when a ute indian delegation negotiated a treaty with the u s government photograph by mathew brady chief ignacio 1904 notes edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 contributors to cp luhna people ute cp luhna archived from the original on september 4 2011 retrieved june 19 2011 cite web author has generic name help 1 2 3 pritzker 245 oil and gas development on the southern ute indian reservation environmental impact statement 2002 p 43 1 2 story of the ute tribe overview and statistics ute mountain ute tribe retrieved june 18 2011 the post pueblo period a d 1300 to late 1700s spanish crow canyon archaeological center retrieved june 19 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 story of the ute tribe chronology of the ute tribe ute mountain ute tribe retrieved january 12 2023 1 2 3 4 frontier in transition a history of southwestern colorado early exploration and the fur trade u s department of the interior bureau of land management 2008 retrieved june 19 2011 source leroy r hafen and ann hafen the old spanish trail glendale california the arthur clark co 1954 pp 51 and 84 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link cs1 maint postscript link contributors to cp luhna people spanish exploration cp luhna archived from the original on june 25 2011 retrieved june 19 2011 cite web author has generic name help 1 2 3 ute mountain ute indian reservation pdf u s department of energy p 1 archived from the original pdf on june 26 2008 retrieved june 18 2011 ute mountain reservation and off reservation trust land colorado new mexico utah united states census bureau retrieved 2011 06 20 ute mountain tribal park ute mountain tribal park archived from the original on 2011 07 17 retrieved 2011 06 18 references edit pritzker barry m a native american encyclopedia history culture and peoples oxford oxford university press 2000 isbn 978 0 19 513877 1 external links edit ute mountain ute tribe official website ute mountain tribal park v t e ute people overview native americans in the united states ute dialect ute mythology historic bands within contemporary groups northern san pitch seuvarits timpanogos uncompahgre tabeguache uintah white river utes parianuche yampa southern capote muache ute mountain weeminuche integrated with the paiute moanunts pahvant culture and religion ceremonies and religion native american church sun dance ancestral lands and trails bears ears national monument cañon pintado mineral springs at manitou springs old ute trail later old spanish trail spring creek archeological district ute mountain ute mancos canyon historic district ute pass notable people black hawk leader during the black hawk war buckskin charley also called sapiah ute chief chipeta ouray s wife and ute delegate colorow ute chief chief ignacio weeminuche band chief chief jack house last traditional chief r carlos nakai flutist nicaagat leader during battle of milk creek chief ouray uncompahgre band leader polk ute paiute chief posey ute paiute chief joseph rael dancer author and spiritualist sanpitch sanpete tribe chief raoul trujillo performer chief walkara also called chief walker leader during the walker war westward expansion and conflicts american indian wars west of the mississippi 1811 1924 ute wars 1848 1923 walker war 1853 colorado war 1863 1865 black hawk war 1865 72 meeker massacre 1879 reservations southern ute southwestern colorado uintah and ouray northern ute tribe utah ute mountain tribe west southwest colorado related articles indian reorganization act list of prehistoric sites in colorado prehistory of colorado southern ute cultural center and museum ute indian museum ute indian rights settlement v t e indigenous peoples of colorado overview prehistory of colorado outline of colorado prehistory timeline of colorado history contemporary peoples native to colorado people arapaho cheyenne comanche jicarilla apache kiowa pawnee shoshone ute reservations colorado reservations southern ute indian reservation ute mountain ute indian reservation major events battle of beecher island colorado war comanche campaign meeker massacre sand creek massacre precontact cultures in colorado paleo indian clovis culture cody complex folsom tradition goshen complex hell gap complex plainview complex plano cultures archaic apex complex basketmaker culture mount albion complex oshara tradition picosa culture post archaic ancestral puebloans apishapa culture dismal river culture fremont culture panhandle culture sopris phase tipi ring noted archaeologists cynthia irwin williams paul sidney martin waldo rudolph wedel joe ben wheat related articles list of ancient dwellings of pueblo peoples in colorado list of prehistoric sites in colorado trail of the ancients v t e pueblos and indian reservations in new mexico pueblos acoma cochiti isleta jemez kewa laguna nambe ohkay owingeh picuris pojoaque sandia san felipe san ildefonso santa ana santa clara taos tesuque zia zuni reservations jicarilla apache mescalero apache navajo alamo ramah tohajiilee ute mountain zuni v t e indian reservations in utah goshute navajo northwestern shoshone paiute skull valley uintah and ouray ute mountain v t e municipalities and communities of montezuma county colorado united states county seat cortez city cortez map of colorado highlighting montezuma county towns dolores mancos cdp lewis towaoc unincorporated communities arriola lebanon pleasant view stoner yellow jacket indian reservations southern ute indian reservation ute mountain ute indian reservation footnotes this populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties colorado portal united states portal v t e municipalities and communities of la plata county colorado united states county seat durango city durango map of colorado highlighting la plata county towns bayfield ignacio cdps marvel southern ute unincorporated communities allison breen florida hermosa hesperus kline la posta oxford tiffany trimble vallecito ghost towns mayday i...