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ed in reading al suyuti said abu bakr al siddiq was the first to compile the quran in a book 11 origin of the codex edit motivation edit caliph uthman ibn affan s compilation of the quran was the second compilation during the reign of the rashidun caliphs when the islamic conquests expanded the companions spread out in the conquered countries teaching the quran and the religious sciences to the people each companion taught his students the way he had received it in iraq the codex of ibn mas ud was already popular whereas in the levant the codex of ubayy ibn ka b was already popular 12 ibn al jazari narrated we are certain that many of the companions were reading what was contrary to the uthman s quran before the consensus on the quran by adding one or more words replacing one word with another and omitting some words as proven in the two sahihs and others and now we forbidding people from reciting it in prayer 13 when the muslim army set out to conquer armenia and azerbaijan the soldiers were from iraq and the levant and there was a lot of discord and conflict between them hudhayfah ibn al yaman saw that they differed in reading and some of it was tinged with melody with each of them familiar with his reading accustomed to it and believing it to be the correct one and all others are misguided even blaspheming each other this frightened hudhayfah and he said by god i will ride to the caliph uthman had seen a similar situation in medina where a teacher would teach a reading and another teacher would teach another reading so the boys would meet and some of them would deny the other s reading and he said i have you who differ in it and you read it with tune and those who are further away from me are more different and more melodic gather together companions of muhammad and choose a direction for the people 14 when huzaifa came to uthman and told him what had happened uthman s expectations were realized al bukhari narrated on the authority of anas bin malik that he said hudhayfah bin al yaman came to uthman and was conquering armenia and azerbaijan with the people of iraq hudhayfah was dismayed by their difference in reading he said to uthman save this nation before they differ in the book by the difference between the jews and christians uthman sent a message to hafsa saying send us the manuscripts of the qur an so that we may compile the qur anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you so hafsa sent it to uthman 15 ibn atiyyah al andalusi mentioned that the books collected during the reign of abu bakr remained with him then with umar ibn al khattab after him and then with hafsa his daughter during the caliphate of uthman in the meantime books written about the companions spread across the horizon such as abdullah ibn masud s quran the sham quran ubayy ibn ka b s quran and so on when hudhayfah returned from the armenian invasion uthman was deputized to compile the quran according to the seven letters of the quran 16 collection edit when uthman ibn affan heard what he heard and what hudhayfah ibn al yaman told him he consulted the companions about what to do ibn hajar al asqalani narrated that ali ibn abi talib said o people do not exaggerate about uthman and do not say anything but good things about him and his quran i swear by allah he did not do what he did with the quran except on the knowledge of all of us he said what do you say about this reading i was informed that some of them say that my reading is better than yours and this is almost blasphemy we said what do you think he said i think that we should gather the people on one quran so that there will be no division and no disagreement we said yes we agree ali said by allah if i were in charge i would have done what he did 17 uthman chose four people for the task of copying the quran zayd ibn thabit abdullah ibn al zubayr sa id ibn al as and abd al rahman ibn al harith ibn hisham uthman asked the companions who is the best writer among the people they said the writer of muhammad zayd bin thabit he said which of the people is good in pronunciation they said sa id bin al aas uthman said let sa id dictate and let zayd write 18 it is said that uthman chose twelve men from the quraysh and ansar including ubayy ibn ka b zayd ibn thabit and others 19 20 there is no contradiction between the two accounts and what is known is that the quran writing committee was four it appears that uthman ibn affan was not satisfied with these four but included in their assistance those who had knowledge of the qur an to help them in writing it 21 after uthman agreed with the companions to collect the quran in one letter he followed this method of collecting the quran uthman addressed the people and said o people your covenant with your prophet was thirteen years ago and you are disputing the quran saying that my father s reading and abdullah s reading so i ask each one of you who memorized something from the quran to step forward so a lot came then uthman entered and called them man by man and asked them did you hear muhammad dictate it to you and he says yes when he finished he asked who is the best writer among the people they said the writer of muhammad zayd bin thabit he said which of the people good in pronunciation they said sa id bin al aas uthman said let sa id dictate and let zayd write he wrote zayd he wrote copies of the quran and dispersed them in the people i heard some of muhammad s companions say he has done well 22 uthman sent to hafsa bint umar send us the books we will copy them into the quran and then return them to you she sent them to him which is the quran that was collected during the reign of abu bakr al siddiq uthman gave zayd ibn thabit and the three qurayshis the quran that hafsa had and ordered them to copy qurans from it uthman said to the three qurayshis if you and zayd ibn thabit disagree on something from the quran write it down in the quraysh tongue for it was revealed in their tongue 23 if a verse has more than one reading the verse is written without any sign that restricts its pronunciation to one reading and it should be written in a single drawing that includes both readings or all of the readings 24 after the qurans were copied uthman sent copies of them to muslim countries muslims were active in copying qurans for individuals and zayd ibn thabit in medina used to devote himself in ramadan every year to displaying qurans and people would show their qurans to him with the quran of the people of madina in front of him 25 features edit an example from the sanaa manuscripts of what the uthman s quran used to look like as it is free of dots and diacritical marks uthman s quran was characterized by several features 26 limited to one of the seven ahruf ibn al qayyim said uthman gathered the people on one of the seven ahruf that the prophet muhammad allowed them to read with and that was for the general best interest 27 the motivation in retaining only one of muhammad s ahruf was said to be to engender a greater unity around the quran 28 disregarding what has been recited uthman ibn affan intended to gather people into a quran in which there is no advancement delay or interpretation nor was it written with its recitation abrogated and it is obligatory to read and memorize it for fear of introducing corruption and suspicion to those who come after them 29 limited to what was proven in the last presentation and discarding everything else abu bakr ibn abi dawud narrated in the book of al masahef from the hadith of muhammad ibn sirin about kathir ibn mufleh when uthman wanted to write the quran he gathered twelve men from quraysh and ansar including abai bin ka b and zayd ibn thabit said that they were sent to the quarters in umar s house he said uthman used to watch over them so if they argued about something they delayed it muhammad said i said to kathir and he was among those who were writing do you know why they delayed it he said no muhammad said i thought that they delayed it in order to see who was most recent to hear it so they would write it down according to what he said 30 the verses and suras are arranged in the way we know them now al hakim al nishapuri said the collection of the quran was not a one time event some of it was collected in the presence of the prophet then some collected in the presence of abu bakr al siddiq and the third collection is the order of the suras which was during the caliphate of uthman ibn affan 31 distribution to regional centers edit after the committee completed copying the quran uthman ibn affan sent copies to the muslim world he sent with each quran those who know its reading he ordered zayd ibn thabit to read the madani quran reading and sent abdullah ibn al sa eb with the meccan quran reading mughira ibn abi shihab with the levantine quran reading and abu abdulrahman al sulami with the kufic quran reading and amer ibn abdul qais with basra quran reading muslims in every country of islam received the reading of their imam and some of them devoted themselves to fine tuning the readings until they became imams to whom people turned to 32 this is how these qurans spread because the reliance on the transmission of the quran is based on receiving it from the memory of men trustworthy by trustworthy and imam by imam to muhammad uthman chose trusted custodians and sent them to the islamic countries and considered these qurans as second originals in order to document the quran and unite muslims he sent to each region his quran with those who agreed with its reading for the most part 33 reception among companions edit see also codex of ibn mas ud and codex of ubayy ibn ka b after uthman ibn affan finished the quran he ordered everything except his quran to be burned and he sent to everyone i have done such and such and erased what i have so erase what you have 34 the companions accepted what uthman did and agreed that it was correct zayd ibn thabit said i saw the companions of muhammad saying by god uthman is good uthman is good 35 abu bakr ibn abi dawud narrated from mus ab ibn sa d i realized the people were present when uthman burned the quran and they liked it he said no one denied it 36 suwayd ibn ghafla narrated that ali ibn abi talib said do not say anything but good about uthman i swear by allah he did not do what he did with the quran except on our authority ibn abi dawud said that ali said about the quran if uthman had not made it i would have made it 36 abdullah ibn mas ud is reported to have opposed the compilation effort by one account this was caused by the lack of his inclusion on the compilation committee he reportedly said i was removed from copying the quran and a man took over the quran and by allah i became a muslim and he was the son of a disbeliever man 37 another report collected by abu bakr al anbari defended the choice of zayd as the head of the committee over ibn mas ud 38 according to reports by al dhahabi and ibn kathir ibn mas ud came to accept the uthmanic codex 39 40 number of copied qurans edit the number of copies that uthman wrote has been disputed it was said to be four copies abu amr al dani said most scholars agree that when uthman ibn affan wrote the quran he made it in four copies he sent one of them to each of the districts one to kufa one to basra and one to levant and he kept one for himself 41 it is said to be five copies al suyuti said the number of qurans that uthman sent to the regions has been disputed but it is known to be five 41 it was said to be six 42 it was said to be seven copies ibn abi dawud narrated on the authority of abu hatim al sijistani who said when uthman wrote and compiled the quran he wrote seven copies of qurans sending one to mecca one to levant one to yemen one to bahrain one to basra one to kufa and keeping one in medina it was said to be eight 42 the majority of scholars tend to take the view that the copies of the quran were six 43 there is also a consensus among ancient and modern historians that four qurans were specialized in medina damascus kufa and basra and that there is disagreement over the qurans of yemen bahrain mecca and egypt 44 the copied qurans were all written on parchment except for the quran that uthman ibn affan himself was given it was said that it was written on gazelle parchment 45 the meccan and medina qurans were called hijazi qurans the kufic and basra qurans are the two iraqi qurans the sixth one is the levantine quran 46 the origin of all these qurans is the imam s quran which was kept by caliph uthman ibn affan there is no difference between the copies sent to islamic countries the imam s quran was the first reference in the islamic state to which all qurans are referred 47 mentions of these qurans edit some historians reported seeing some of these qurans including ibn jubayr d 614 ah when he visited the umayyad mosque in damascus and saw in the eastern corner of the modern mihrab a large cabinet containing a quran copy of uthman s quran which he had sent it to the levant 48 ibn battuta d 779 ah also visited the mosque and said in the front of the mosque is the great mosque in which the shafi i imam leads the prayer and in the eastern corner of it opposite of the mihrab is a large cabinet containing the quran that was sent to the levant by uthman bin affan 49 ibn kathir d 774 ah saw the same copy as for the uthman qurans the most famous of them is the one in the levant today in the damascus mosque at the eastern corner which was formerly in tiberias then moved to damascus around eighteen hundred and five i have seen it written with fine handwriting clear ink in parchment which i think is made of camel skins 40 ibn battuta also reported that he saw in the ali ibn abi talib mosque in basra the quran that uthman was reading when he was killed and the effect of the blood on the paper with the saying allah will suffice for them and he is the all hearing and all knowing 50 ibn al jazri and shihab al din ahmad ibn fadlallah al amri are reported to have both seen the same levantine quran in the umayyad mosque 51 ibn al jazari saw a quran in egypt the levantine quran appears to have been preserved in the umayyad mosque until the early 14th century when it is said that it was burned the syrian thinker muhammad kurd ali said of the umayyad mosque until the year 1310 ah the fire spread to the trunks of its roofs and consumed them in less than three hours destroying the last vestiges of the building it burned a quran with kufic script that had been brought from an ancient mosque in bosra people used to say it was an uthman s quran 52 the quran is said to have been in the possession of the russian czars at the leningrad book house for a time and then moved to england 53 there are also antique qurans held in egypt s book and antiquities vaults including the quran kept in the antiquities vaults at the husseini mosque they are said to be uthman s qurans but al azhari scholar muhammad abdul azim al zarqani is highly s...