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r allowed on new poles citation needed linemen may use climbing spikes called gaffs to ascend wooden poles without steps on them in the uk boots fitted with steel loops that go around the pole known as scandinavian climbers are also used for climbing poles in the us linemen use bucket trucks for the vast majority of poles that are accessible by vehicle dead end poles edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2012 learn how and when to remove this message example of dead end riser poles the poles at the end of a straight section of utility line where the line ends or angles off in another direction are called dead end poles in the united states elsewhere they may be referred to as anchor or termination poles these must carry the lateral tension of the long straight sections of wire they are usually made with heavier construction the power lines are attached to the pole by horizontal strain insulators either placed on crossarms which are either doubled tripled or replaced with a steel crossarm to provide more resistance to the tension forces or attached directly to the pole itself dead end and other poles that support lateral loads have guy wires to support them the guys always have strain insulators inserted in their length to prevent any high voltages caused by electrical faults from reaching the lower portion of the cable that is accessible by the public in populated areas guy wires are often encased in a yellow plastic or wood tube with reflectors attached to their lower end so that they can be seen more easily reducing the chance of people and animals walking into them or vehicles crashing into them another means of providing support for lateral loads is a push brace pole a second shorter pole that is attached to the side of the first and runs at an angle to the ground if there is no space for a lateral support a stronger pole e g a construction of concrete or iron is used history edit from 1923 the oldest utility pole in japan still in use in the city of hakodate utility poles seen outside the gardner building in toledo ohio 1895 the system of suspending telegraph wires from poles with ceramic insulators was invented and patented by british telegraph pioneer william fothergill cooke cooke was the driving force in establishing the electrical telegraph on a commercial basis with charles wheatstone he invented the cooke and wheatstone telegraph and founded the world s first telegraph company the electric telegraph company telegraph poles were first used on the great western railway in 1843 when the cooke and wheatstone telegraph line was extended to slough the line had previously used buried cables but that system had proved troublesome with failing insulation 13 32 in britain the trees used for telegraph poles were either native larch or pine from sweden and norway poles in early installations were treated with tar but these were found to last only around seven years later poles were treated instead with creosote or copper sulphate for the preservative 13 80 utility poles were first used in the mid 19th century in america with telegraph systems in 1844 the united states congress granted samuel morse 30 000 equivalent to 1 036 600 in 2025 to build a 40 mile telegraph line between baltimore maryland and washington d c morse began by having a lead sheathed cable made after laying seven miles 11 km underground he tested it he found so many faults with this system that he dug up his cable stripped off its sheath bought poles and strung his wires overhead on february 7 1844 morse inserted the following advertisement in the washington newspaper sealed proposals will be received by the undersigned for furnishing 700 straight and sound chestnut posts with the bark on and of the following dimensions to wit each post must not be less than eight inches in diameter at the butt and tapering to five or six inches at the top six hundred and eighty of said posts to be 24 feet in length and 20 of them 30 feet in length in some parts of australia wooden poles are rapidly destroyed by termites so metal poles must be used instead and in much of the interior wooden poles are vulnerable to fire the oppenheimer pole is a collapsible wrought iron pole in three sections it is named after oppenheimer and company in germany but they were mostly manufactured in england under license 14 they were used on the australian overland telegraph line built in 1872 which connected the continent north to south directly through the centre and linked to the rest of the world through a submarine cable at darwin 15 the stobie pole was invented in 1924 by james cyril stobie of the adelaide electric supply company and first used in south terrace adelaide 16 one of the early bell system lines was the washington dc norfolk line which was for the most part square sawn tapered poles of yellow pine probably treated to refusal with creosote treated to refusal means that the manufacturer forces preservatives into the wood until it refuses to accept more but performance is not guaranteed 17 some of these were still in service after 80 years 18 the building of pole lines was resisted in some urban areas in the late 19th century citation needed and political pressure for undergrounding remains powerful in many countries in eastern europe russia and third world countries many utility poles still carry bare communication wires mounted on insulators not only along railway lines but also along roads and sometimes even in urban areas errant traffic being uncommon on railways their poles are usually less tall in the united states electricity is predominately carried on unshielded aluminum conductors wound around a solid steel core and affixed to rated insulators made from glass ceramic or poly telephone catv and focs are generally attached directly to the pole without insulators in the united kingdom much of the rural electricity distribution system is carried on wooden poles these normally carry electricity at 11 or 33 kv three phases from 132 kv substations supplied from pylons to distribution substations or pole mounted transformers wooden poles have been used for 132 kv for a number of years from the early 1980s one is called the trident they are usually used on short sections though the line from melbourne cambs to near buntingford herts is quite long the conductors on these are bare metal connected to the posts by insulators wood poles can also be used for low voltage distribution to customers poles in ottawa ontario canada today utility poles may hold much more than the uninsulated copper wire that they originally supported thicker cables holding many twisted pair coaxial cable or even fibre optic may be carried simple analogue repeaters or other outside plant equipment have long been mounted against poles and often new digital equipment for multiplexing demultiplexing or digital repeaters may now be seen in many places as seen in the illustration providers of electricity television telephone street light traffic signal and other services share poles either in joint ownership or by renting space to each other in the united states ansi standard 05 1 2008 19 governs wood pole sizes and strength loading utilities that fall under the rural electrification act must also follow the guidelines set forth in rus bulletin 1724e 150 20 from the us department of agriculture for pole strength and loading steel utility poles are becoming more prevalent in the united states thanks to improvements in engineering and corrosion prevention coupled with lowered production costs however premature failure due to corrosion is a concern when compared to wood 21 the national association of corrosion engineers archived 2010 06 19 at the wayback machine or nace is developing inspection maintenance and prevention procedures similar to those used on wood utility poles to identify and prevent decay markings edit pole brandings edit markings on a bt post british telecom posts are usually marked with the following information citation needed this list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items august 2008 bt to mark it as a british telecom uk pole this can also be po post office or gpo general post office depending on the age of the pole a horizontal line marking 3 metres from the bottom of the pole the pole length typically 8 to 10 metres 22 and size 9l is a 9 metres long light pole other letters used are m medium and s stout the year of treatment and therefore generally the year of installation e g the pole in the picture was treated in 2003 the batch and type of wood used a date of the last official inspection an alphanumeric designation e g dp 242 where dp is an initialism of distribution point if relevant a red d plate meaning dangerous and indicating that the pole was structurally unsafe to climb or due to its proximity to other hazards 23 the date on the pole is applied by the manufacturer and refers to the date the pole was preserved treated to withstand the elements brandings on a pole in salisbury maryland united states in the united states utility poles are marked with information concerning the manufacturer pole height ansi strength class wood species original preservative and year manufactured 24 vintage in accordance with ansi standard o5 1 2008 25 this is called branding as it is usually burned into the surface the resulting mark is sometimes called the birth mark although the position of the brand is determined by ansi specification it is essentially just below eye level after installation a rule of thumb for understanding a pole s brand is the manufacturer s name or logo at the top with a two digit date beneath sometimes preceded by a month below the date is a two character wood species abbreviation and one to three character preservative some wood species may be marked sp for southern pine wc for western cedar or df for douglas fir common preservative abbreviations are c for creosote p for pentachlorophenol and sk for chromated copper arsenate originally referred to salts type k the next line of the brand is usually the pole s ansi class used to determine maximum load this number ranges from 10 to h6 with a smaller number meaning higher strength the pole s height from butt to top in 5 foot increments is usually to the right of the class separated by a hyphen although it is not uncommon for older brands to have the height on a separate line the pole brand is sometimes an aluminum tag nailed in place before the practice of branding many utilities would set a 2 to 4 digit date nail into the pole upon installation the use of date nails went out of favor during world war ii due to war shortages but is still used by a few utilities these nails are considered valuable to collectors with older dates being more valuable and unique markings such as the utilities name also increasing the value however regardless of the value to collectors all attachments on a utility pole are the property of the utility company and unauthorized removal is a misdemeanor or felony 26 california state law cited as example coordinates on pole tags edit a practice in some areas is to place poles on coordinates upon a grid the pole at right is a delmarva power pole located in a rural area of the state of maryland in the united states the lower two tags are the x and y coordinates along said grid just as in a coordinate plane used in geometry x increases as one travels east and y increases as one travels north the upper two tags are specific to the sub transmission section of the pole the first refers to the route number the second to the specific pole along the route however not all power lines follow the road in the british region of east anglia edf energy networks often add the ordnance survey grid reference coordinates of the pole or substation to the name sign in some areas utility pole name plates may provide valuable coordinate information a poor man s gps 27 28 29 the tags on a delmarva power subtransmission pole located in crisfield maryland united states the faded tag reads 733 a utility pole replacement in saugus massachusetts united states tag and marking on the bottom of a wooden utility pole before it is installed pole route edit telegraph pole with spars insulators and open wires on a now decommissioned railway pole route eccles road norfolk united kingdom a pole route or pole line in the us is a telephone link or electrical power line between two or more locations by way of multiple uninsulated wires suspended between wooden utility poles this method of link is common especially in rural areas where burying the cables would be expensive another situation in which pole routes were extensively used were on the railways to link signal boxes traditionally prior to around 1965 pole routes were built with open wires along non electrical operated railways this necessitated insulation when the wire passed over the pole thus preventing the signal from becoming attenuated at electrical operated railways pole routes were usually not built as too much jamming from the overhead wire would occur to accomplish this cables were separated using spars with insulators spaced along them in general four insulators were used per spar only one such pole route still exists on the uk rail network in the highlands of scotland there was also a long section in place between wymondham norfolk and brandon in suffolk united kingdom however this was de wired and removed during march in 2009 a railway telegraph pole beside a railway bridge on the former railway line between portadown and dungannon in northern ireland environmental impact edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information august 2012 white storks ciconia ciconia in their nest on a utility pole in rural romania utility poles are used by birds for nesting and to rest on 30 31 utility poles and related structures are regarded by some to be a form of visual pollution citation needed many lines are placed underground for this reason in places of high population density or scenic beauty that justify the expense architects design some pylons to be pretty thus avoiding visual pollution citation needed some chemicals used to preserve wood poles including creosote and pentachlorophenol are toxic and have been found in the environment 32 the considerable improvement in weathering resistance offered by creosote infusion has long term drawbacks in recent years concerns have been raised about the toxicity of creosote treated wood waste such as utility poles specifically their biodegradation can release phenolic compounds in soil which are considered toxic research continues to explore methods to render this waste safe for disposal 33 historically pole mounted transformers were filled with a polychlorinated biphenyl pcb liquid pcbs persist in the environment and have adverse effects on animals see also edit electro...