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e had the secretary of naca prepare a draft of the proposed national defense research committee ndrc to be presented to congress but after the germans invaded france in may 1940 bush decided speed was important and approached president franklin d roosevelt directly through the president s uncle frederic delano bush managed to set up a meeting with roosevelt on june 12 1940 to which he brought a single sheet of paper describing the agency roosevelt approved the proposal in 15 minutes writing ok fdr on the sheet 33 bush chairing the first ndrc meeting july 2 1940 with bush as chairman the ndrc was functioning even before the agency was officially established by order of the council of national defense on june 27 1940 the organization operated financially on a hand to mouth basis with monetary support from the president s emergency fund 34 bush appointed four leading scientists to the ndrc karl taylor compton president of mit james b conant president of harvard university frank b jewett president of the national academy of sciences and chairman of the board of directors of bell laboratories and richard c tolman dean of the graduate school at caltech rear admiral harold g bowen sr and brigadier general george v strong represented the military the civilians already knew each other well which allowed the organization to begin functioning immediately 35 the ndrc established itself in the administration building at the carnegie institution of washington 36 each member of the committee was assigned an area of responsibility while bush handled coordination a small number of projects reported to him directly such as the s 1 section 37 compton s deputy alfred loomis said that of the men whose death in the summer of 1940 would have been the greatest calamity for america the president is first and dr bush would be second or third 38 bush was fond of saying that if he made any important contribution to the war effort at all it would be to get the army and navy to tell each other what they were doing 39 he established a cordial relationship with secretary of war henry l stimson and stimson s assistant harvey h bundy who found bush impatient and vain but said he was one of the most important able men i ever knew 34 bush s relationship with the navy was more turbulent bowen the director of the naval research laboratory nrl saw the ndrc as a bureaucratic rival and recommended abolishing it a series of bureaucratic battles ended with the nrl placed under the bureau of ships and secretary of the navy frank knox placing an unsatisfactory fitness report in bowen s personnel file after the war bowen would again try to create a rival to the ndrc inside the navy 40 on august 31 1940 bush met with henry tizard and arranged a series of meetings between the ndrc and the tizard mission a british scientific delegation at a meeting on september 19 1940 the americans described loomis and compton s microwave research they had an experimental 10 cm wavelength short wave radar but admitted that it did not have enough power and that they were at a dead end taffy bowen and john cockcroft of the tizard mission then produced a cavity magnetron a device more advanced than anything the americans had seen with a power output of around 10 kw at 10 cm 41 enough to spot the periscope of a surfaced submarine at night from an aircraft to exploit the invention bush decided to create a special laboratory the ndrc allocated the new laboratory a budget of 455 000 for its first year loomis suggested that the lab should be run by the carnegie institution but bush convinced him that it would best be run by mit the radiation laboratory as it came to be known tested its airborne radar from an army b 18 on march 27 1941 by mid 1941 it had developed scr 584 radar a mobile radar fire control system for antiaircraft guns 42 in september 1940 norbert wiener approached bush with a proposal to build a digital computer bush declined to provide ndrc funding for it on the grounds that he did not believe that it could be completed before the end of the war the supporters of digital computers were disappointed at the decision which they attributed to a preference for outmoded analog technology in june 1943 the army provided 500 000 to build the computer which became eniac the first general purpose electronic computer having delayed its funding bush s prediction proved correct as eniac was not completed until december 1945 after the war had ended 43 his critics saw his attitude as a failure of vision 44 office of scientific research and development edit on june 28 1941 roosevelt established the office of scientific research and development osrd with the signing of executive order 8807 45 bush became director of the osrd while conant succeeded him as chairman of the ndrc which was subsumed into the osrd the osrd was on a firmer financial footing than the ndrc since it received funding from congress and had the resources and the authority to develop weapons and technologies with or without the military furthermore the osrd had a broader mandate than the ndrc moving into additional areas such as medical research 46 and the mass production of penicillin and sulfa drugs the organization grew to 850 full time employees 47 and produced between 30 000 and 35 000 reports 48 the osrd was involved in some 2 500 contracts 49 worth in excess of 536 million 50 bush s method of management at the osrd was to direct overall policy while delegating supervision of divisions to qualified colleagues and letting them do their jobs without interference he attempted to interpret the mandate of the osrd as narrowly as possible to avoid overtaxing his office and to prevent duplicating the efforts of other agencies bush would often ask will it help to win a war this war 51 other challenges involved obtaining adequate funds from the president and congress and determining apportionment of research among government academic and industrial facilities 51 his most difficult problems and also greatest successes were keeping the confidence of the military which distrusted the ability of civilians to observe security regulations and devise practical solutions 52 and opposing conscription of young scientists into the armed forces this became especially difficult as the army s manpower crisis really began to bite in 1944 53 in all the osrd requested deferments for some 9 725 employees of osrd contractors of which all but 63 were granted 53 in his obituary the new york times described bush as a master craftsman at steering around obstacles whether they were technical or political or bull headed generals and admirals 54 proximity fuze edit cut away diagram of the proximity fuze mark 53 in august 1940 the ndrc began work on a proximity fuze a fuze inside an artillery shell that would explode when it came close to its target a radar set along with the batteries to power it was miniaturized to fit inside a shell and its glass vacuum tubes designed to withstand the 20 000 g force of being fired from a gun and 500 rotations per second in flight 55 unlike normal radar the proximity fuze sent out a continuous signal rather than short pulses 56 the ndrc created a special section t chaired by merle tuve of the ciw with commander william s parsons as special assistant to bush and liaison between the ndrc and the navy s bureau of ordnance buord 55 one of ciw staff members that tuve recruited to section t in 1940 was james van allen in april 1942 bush placed section t directly under the osrd and parsons in charge the research effort remained under tuve but moved to the johns hopkins university s applied physics laboratory apl where parsons was buord s representative 57 in august 1942 a live firing test was conducted with the newly commissioned cruiser uss cleveland three pilotless drones were shot down in succession 58 to preserve the secret of the proximity fuze its use was initially permitted only over water where a dud round could not fall into enemy hands in late 1943 the army obtained permission to use the weapon over land the proximity fuze proved particularly effective against the v 1 flying bomb over england and later antwerp in 1944 a version was also developed for use with howitzers against ground targets 59 bush met with the joint chiefs of staff in october 1944 to press for its use arguing that the germans would be unable to copy and produce it before the war was over eventually the joint chiefs agreed to allow its employment from december 25 in response to the german ardennes offensive on december 16 1944 the immediate use of the proximity fuze was authorized and it went into action with deadly effect 60 by the end of 1944 proximity fuzes were coming off the production lines at the rate of 40 000 per day 59 if one looks at the proximity fuze program as a whole historian james phinney baxter iii wrote the magnitude and complexity of the effort rank it among the three or four most extraordinary scientific achievements of the war 61 the german v 1 flying bomb demonstrated a serious omission in osrd s portfolio guided missiles while the osrd had some success developing unguided rockets it had nothing comparable to the v 1 the v 2 or the henschel hs 293 air to ship gliding guided bomb although the united states trailed the germans and japanese in several areas this represented an entire field that had been left to the enemy bush did not seek the advice of robert h goddard goddard would come to be regarded as america s pioneer of rocketry but many contemporaries regarded him as a crank before the war bush had gone on the record as saying i don t understand how a serious scientist or engineer can play around with rockets 62 but in may 1944 he was forced to travel to london to warn general dwight eisenhower of the danger posed by the v 1 and v 2 63 bush could only recommend that the launch sites be bombed which was done 64 manhattan project edit bush played a critical role in persuading the united states government to undertake a crash program to create an atomic bomb 65 when the ndrc was formed the committee on uranium was placed under it reporting directly to bush as the uranium committee bush reorganized the committee strengthening its scientific component by adding tuve george b pegram jesse w beams ross gunn and harold urey 66 when the osrd was formed in june 1941 the uranium committee was again placed directly under bush for security reasons its name was changed to the section s 1 67 left to right vannevar bush james b conant major general leslie groves and colonel franklin matthias at the hanford site in july 1945 bush met with roosevelt and vice president henry a wallace on october 9 1941 to discuss the project he briefed roosevelt on tube alloys the british atomic bomb project and its maud committee which had concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible and on the german nuclear energy project about which little was known roosevelt approved and expedited the atomic program to control it he created a top policy group consisting of himself although he never attended a meeting wallace bush conant stimson and the chief of staff of the army general george marshall 68 on bush s advice roosevelt chose the army to run the project rather than the navy although the navy had shown far more interest in the field and was already conducting research into atomic energy for powering ships bush s negative experiences with the navy had convinced him that it would not listen to his advice and could not handle large scale construction projects 69 70 in march 1942 bush sent a report to roosevelt outlining work by robert oppenheimer on the nuclear cross section of uranium 235 oppenheimer s calculations which bush had george kistiakowsky check estimated that the critical mass of a sphere of uranium 235 was in the range of 2 5 to 5 kilograms with a destructive power of around 2 000 tons of tnt moreover it appeared that plutonium might be even more fissile 71 after conferring with brigadier general lucius d clay about the construction requirements bush drew up a submission for 85 million in fiscal year 1943 for four pilot plants which he forwarded to roosevelt on june 17 1942 with the army on board bush moved to streamline oversight of the project by the osrd replacing the section s 1 with a new s 1 executive committee 72 a week later on june 23 president roosevelt sent this one sentence memo back to bush do you have the money 73 bush soon became dissatisfied with the dilatory way the project was run with its indecisiveness over the selection of sites for the pilot plants he was particularly disturbed at the allocation of an aa 3 priority which would delay completion of the pilot plants by three months bush complained about these problems to bundy and under secretary of war robert p patterson major general brehon b somervell the commander of the army s services of supply appointed brigadier general leslie r groves as project director in september within days of taking over groves approved the proposed site at oak ridge tennessee and obtained a aaa priority at a meeting in stimson s office on september 23 attended by bundy bush conant groves marshall somervell and stimson bush put forward his proposal for steering the project by a small committee answerable to the top policy group the meeting agreed with bush and created a military policy committee chaired by him with somervell s chief of staff brigadier general wilhelm d styer representing the army and rear admiral william r purnell representing the navy 74 at the meeting with roosevelt on october 9 1941 bush advocated cooperating with the united kingdom and he began corresponding with his british counterpart sir john anderson 75 but by october 1942 conant and bush agreed that a joint project would pose security risks and be more complicated to manage roosevelt approved a military policy committee recommendation stating that information given to the british should be limited to technologies that they were actively working on and should not extend to post war developments 76 in july 1943 on a visit to london to learn about british progress on antisubmarine technology 77 bush stimson and bundy met with anderson lord cherwell and winston churchill at 10 downing street at the meeting churchill forcefully pressed for a renewal of interchange while bush defended existing policy only when he returned to washington did he discover that roosevelt had agreed with the british the quebec agreement merged the two atomic bomb projects creating the combined policy committee with stimson bush and conant as united states representatives 78 bush appeared on the cover of time magazine on april 3 1944 79 he toured the western front in october 1944 and spoke to ordnance officers but no senior commander would meet with him he was able to meet with samuel goudsmit and other members of the alsos mission who assured him that there was no danger from the german project he conveyed this assessment to lieutenant general ...