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2000 the organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats monkeys and humans cerebral cortex 10 3 206 19 doi 10 1093 cercor 10 3 206 pmid 10731217 finger ec marsh aa mitchell dg reid me sims c budhani s kosson ds chen g towbin ke leibenluft e pine ds blair jr may 2008 abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning archives of general psychiatry 65 5 586 94 doi 10 1001 archpsyc 65 5 586 pmc 3104600 pmid 18458210 1 2 3 carlson nr 2013 physiology of behavior 11th ed boston pearson decety j michalska kj november 2010 neurodevelopmental changes in the circuits underlying empathy and sympathy from childhood to adulthood developmental science 13 6 886 99 doi 10 1111 j 1467 7687 2009 00940 x pmid 20977559 s2cid 10647101 boes ad grafft ah joshi c chuang na nopoulos p anderson sw december 2011 behavioral effects of congenital ventromedial prefrontal cortex malformation bmc neurology 11 151 151 doi 10 1186 1471 2377 11 151 pmc 3265436 pmid 22136635 1 2 3 4 bechara a tranel d damasio h november 2000 characterization of the decision making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions brain 123 pt 11 11 2189 202 doi 10 1093 brain 123 11 2189 pmid 11050020 1 2 3 4 koenigs m young l adolphs r tranel d cushman f hauser m damasio a april 2007 damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements nature 446 7138 908 11 bibcode 2007natur 446 908k doi 10 1038 nature05631 pmc 2244801 pmid 17377536 fellows lk farah mj november 2007 the role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in decision making judgment under uncertainty or judgment per se cerebral cortex 17 11 2669 74 doi 10 1093 cercor bhl176 pmc 1971950 pmid 17259643 levens sm larsen jt bruss j tranel d bechara a mellers ba february 2014 what might have been the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in counterfactual emotions and choice neuropsychologia 54 77 86 doi 10 1016 j neuropsychologia 2013 10 026 pmc 4319649 pmid 24333168 noonan mp kolling n walton me rushworth mf april 2012 re evaluating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward and reinforcement european journal of neuroscience 35 7 997 1010 doi 10 1111 j 1460 9568 2012 08023 x pmid 22487031 elliott r rees g dolan rj april 1999 ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates guessing neuropsychologia 37 4 403 411 doi 10 1016 s0028 3932 98 00107 9 hdl 21 11116 0000 0001 a245 a pmid 10215087 zald dh andreotti c october 2010 neuropsychological assessment of the orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex neuropsychologia 48 12 3377 91 doi 10 1016 j neuropsychologia 2010 08 012 pmid 20728457 s2cid 18918430 asp e manzel k koestner b cole ca denburg nl tranel d 2012 a neuropsychological test of belief and doubt damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex increases credulity for misleading advertising frontiers in neuroscience 6 100 doi 10 3389 fnins 2012 00100 pmc 3391647 pmid 22787439 bechara a tranel d damasio h november 2000 characterization of the decision making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions brain 123 11 2189 202 doi 10 1093 brain 123 11 2189 pmid 11050020 taber thomas bc asp ew koenigs m sutterer m anderson sw tranel d april 2014 arrested development early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of moral judgement brain 137 pt 4 1254 61 doi 10 1093 brain awt377 pmc 3959552 pmid 24519974 nicolle a goel v 2013 10 01 what is the role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotional influences on reason in blanchette i ed emotion and reasoning psychology press doi 10 4324 9781315888538 isbn 978 1 134 54819 4 hu c jiang x 2014 an emotion regulation role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in moral judgment frontiers in human neuroscience 8 873 doi 10 3389 fnhum 2014 00873 pmc 4211379 pmid 25389402 1 2 3 4 carlson n 2012 physiology of behavior 11th ed harlow prentice hall nili u goldberg h weizman a dudai y june 2010 fear thou not activity of frontal and temporal circuits in moments of real life courage neuron 66 6 949 62 doi 10 1016 j neuron 2010 06 009 pmid 20620879 s2cid 13941370 1 2 hänsel a von känel r november 2008 the ventro medial prefrontal cortex a major link between the autonomic nervous system regulation of emotion and stress reactivity biopsychosocial medicine 2 21 21 doi 10 1186 1751 0759 2 21 pmc 2590602 pmid 18986513 motzkin jc newman jp kiehl ka koenigs m november 2011 reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy the journal of neuroscience 31 48 17348 57 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 4215 11 2011 pmc 3311922 pmid 22131397 chester ds lynam dr milich r dewall cn december 2017 physical aggressiveness and gray matter deficits in ventromedial prefrontal cortex cortex a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior 97 supplement c 17 22 doi 10 1016 j cortex 2017 09 024 pmc 5716918 pmid 29073459 koenigs michael huey huey d calamia matthew raymont vanessa tranel daniel grafman jordan 2008 distinct regions of prefrontal cortex mediate resistance and vulnerability to depression j neurosci 28 47 12341 12348 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 2324 08 2008 pmc 2644261 pmid 19020027 zhu ying zhang li fan jin han shihui 2007 neural basis of cultural influence on self representation neuroimage 34 3 elsevier 1310 1316 doi 10 1016 j neuroimage 2006 08 047 issn 1053 8119 pmid 17134915 s2cid 11613104 insel tr april 2009 disruptive insights in psychiatry transforming a clinical discipline the journal of clinical investigation 119 4 700 5 doi 10 1172 jci38832 pmc 2662575 pmid 19339761 koenigs m grafman j october 2009 posttraumatic stress disorder the role of medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala the neuroscientist 15 5 540 8 doi 10 1177 1073858409333072 pmc 2771687 pmid 19359671 schechter daniel s moser dominik a paoloni giacobino ariane stenz ludwig gex fabry marianne aue tatjana adouan wafae cordero marãa i suardi francesca manini aurelia sancho rossignol ana merminod gaã lle ansermet francois dayer alexandre g rusconi serpa sandra 2015 05 29 methylation of nr3c1 is related to maternal ptsd parenting stress and maternal medial prefrontal cortical activity in response to child separation among mothers with histories of violence exposure frontiers in psychology 6 690 doi 10 3389 fpsyg 2015 00690 issn 1664 1078 pmc 4447998 pmid 26074844 grossman m eslinger pj troiani v anderson c avants b gee jc mcmillan c massimo l khan a antani s october 2010 the role of ventral medial prefrontal cortex in social decisions converging evidence from fmri and frontotemporal lobar degeneration neuropsychologia 48 12 3505 12 doi 10 1016 j neuropsychologia 2010 07 036 pmc 2949451 pmid 20691197 shamay tsoory sg tomer r berger bd aharon peretz j april 2003 characterization of empathy deficits following prefrontal brain damage the role of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex journal of cognitive neuroscience 15 3 324 37 doi 10 1162 089892903321593063 pmid 12729486 s2cid 8416412 northoff g 2010 region based approach versus mechanism based approach to the brain neuropsychoanalysis 12 2 167 170 doi 10 1080 15294145 2010 10773640 s2cid 741542 madsen hb guerin aa kim jh november 2017 investigating the role of dopamine receptor and parvalbumin expressing cells in extinction of conditioned fear neurobiology of learning and memory 145 7 17 doi 10 1016 j nlm 2017 08 009 pmid 28842281 s2cid 26875742 quirk gj russo gk barron jl lebron k august 2000 the role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear the journal of neuroscience 20 16 6225 31 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 20 16 06225 2000 pmc 6772571 pmid 10934272 milad mr quinn bt pitman rk orr sp fischl b rauch sl july 2005 thickness of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in humans is correlated with extinction memory proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 102 30 10706 11 bibcode 2005pnas 10210706m doi 10 1073 pnas 0502441102 pmc 1180773 pmid 16024728 these results are a possible factor for explaining why different people show different degrees of controlling their fear nieuwenhuis il takashima a april 2011 the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in memory consolidation behavioural brain research 218 2 325 34 doi 10 1016 j bbr 2010 12 009 hdl 2066 99828 pmid 21147169 s2cid 15659237 milne e grafman j june 2001 ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions in humans eliminate implicit gender stereotyping the journal of neuroscience 21 12 rc150 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 21 12 j0001 2001 pmc 6762729 pmid 11404442 1 2 carlson n 1977 physiology of behavior 11th ed boston allyn and bacon pp 621 622 isbn 978 0 205 05706 1 bolla k ernst m kiehl k mouratidis m eldreth d contoreggi c matochik j kurian v cadet j kimes a funderburk f london e 2004 prefrontal cortical dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers the journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 16 4 456 64 doi 10 1176 appi neuropsych 16 4 456 pmc 2771441 pmid 15616172 kalivas pw volkow n seamans j march 2005 unmanageable motivation in addiction a pathology in prefrontal accumbens glutamate transmission neuron 45 5 647 50 doi 10 1016 j neuron 2005 02 005 pmid 15748840 s2cid 2803383 van den oever mc rotaru dc heinsbroek ja gouwenberg y deisseroth k stuber gd mansvelder hd smit ab november 2013 ventromedial prefrontal cortex pyramidal cells have a temporal dynamic role in recall and extinction of cocaine associated memory the journal of neuroscience 33 46 18225 33 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 2412 13 2013 pmc 3828471 pmid 24227731 further reading edit wikimedia commons has media related to ventromedial prefrontal cortex bechara a tranel d damasio h november 2000 characterization of the decision making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions brain 123 pt 11 pt 11 2189 202 doi 10 1093 brain 123 11 2189 pmid 11050020 quirk gj russo gk barron jl lebron k august 2000 the role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear the journal of neuroscience 20 16 6225 31 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 20 16 06225 2000 pmc 6772571 pmid 10934272 hotz rl 2007 05 11 scientists draw link between morality and brain s wiring wall street journal carey b 2007 03 22 brain injury said to affect moral choices new york times shamay tsoory sg tomer r berger bd aharon peretz j april 2003 characterization of empathy deficits following prefrontal brain damage the role of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex journal of cognitive neuroscience 15 3 324 37 doi 10 1162 089892903321593063 pmid 12729486 s2cid 8416412 hooper cj luciana m conklin hm yarger rs november 2004 adolescents performance on the iowa gambling task implications for the development of decision making and ventromedial prefrontal cortex developmental psychology 40 6 1148 58 doi 10 1037 0012 1649 40 6 1148 pmid 15535763 elliott r rees g dolan rj april 1999 ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates guessing neuropsychologia 37 4 403 11 doi 10 1016 s0028 3932 98 00107 9 hdl 21 11116 0000 0001 a245 a pmid 10215087 s2cid 18058688 rahman s sahakian bj hodges jr rogers rd robbins tw august 1999 specific cognitive deficits in mild frontal variant frontotemporal dementia brain 122 pt 8 8 1469 93 doi 10 1093 brain 122 8 1469 pmid 10430832 mehler j franck s 1995 cognition on cognition mit press pp 3 isbn 978 0 262 63167 9 intensity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex urry hl van reekum cm johnstone t kalin nh thurow me schaefer hs jackson ca frye cj greischar ll alexander al davidson rj april 2006 amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults the journal of neuroscience 26 16 4415 25 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 3215 05 2006 pmc 6673990 pmid 16624961 paulus mp frank lr july 2003 ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation is critical for preference judgments neuroreport 14 10 1311 5 doi 10 1097 01 wnr 0000078543 07662 02 pmid 12876463 s2cid 5668392 zald dh mattson dl pardo jv february 2002 brain activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex correlates with individual differences in negative affect proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 99 4 2450 4 bibcode 2002pnas 99 2450z doi 10 1073 pnas 042457199 pmc 122385 pmid 11842195 tabibnia g satpute ab lieberman md april 2008 the sunny side of fairness preference for fairness activates reward circuitry and disregarding unfairness activates self control circuitry psychological science 19 4 339 47 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9280 2008 02091 x pmid 18399886 s2cid 15454802 milne e grafman j june 2001 ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions in humans eliminate implicit gender stereotyping the journal of neuroscience 21 12 rc150 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 21 12 j0001 2001 pmc 6762729 pmid 11404442 koenigs m huey ed raymont v cheon b solomon j wassermann em grafman j february 2008 focal brain damage protects against post traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans nature neuroscience 11 2 232 7 doi 10 1038 nn2032 pmc 2693133 pmid 18157125 v t e anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain frontal lobe superolateral prefrontal superior frontal gyrus 4 6 8 middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 inferior frontal gyrus 11 47 pars orbitalis broca s area 44 pars opercularis 45 pars triangularis superior frontal sulcus inferior frontal sulcus precentral precentral gyrus precentral sulcus medial inferior prefrontal superior frontal gyrus 4 6 medial frontal gyrus 8 9 paraterminal gyrus paraolfactory area 12 straight gyrus 11 orbital gyri orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 subcallosal area 25 olfactory sulcus orbital sulcus precentral paracentral lobule 4 paracentral sulcus both primary motor cortex 4 premotor cortex 6 supplementary motor area 6 supplementary eye field 6 frontal eye fields 8 parietal lobe superolateral superior parietal lobule 5 7 inferior parietal lobule 40 supramarginal gyrus 39 angular gyrus parietal operculum 43 intraparietal sulcus medial inferior paracentral lobule 1 2 3 5 precuneus 7 marginal sulcus both postcentral gyrus primary somatosensory cortex 3 1 and 2 secondary somatosensory cortex 5 posterior parietal cortex 7 occipital lobe superolateral occipital pole of cerebrum occipital gyri lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 lunate sulcus transverse occipital sulcus medial inferior visual cortex 17 cuneus lingual gyrus calcarine sulcus temporal lobe superolateral transverse temporal gyrus auditory cortex 41 and 42 superior temporal gyrus 38 22 wernicke s area planum temporale superior temporal sulcus middle temporal gyrus 21 medial inferior occipitotemporal sulcus fusiform gyrus 37 fusiform face area visual word form area medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 inferior temporal sulcus inferior temporal gyrus 20 interlobar sulci fissures superolateral central frontal parietal lateral frontal parietal temporal parieto occipital preoccipital notch medial inferior longitudinal fissure cingulate frontal cingulate collateral temporal...